1 00:00:00,620 --> 00:00:02,060 >> GOOD MORNING, EVERYBODY. 2 00:00:02,060 --> 00:00:03,630 WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB. 3 00:00:03,630 --> 00:00:07,629 MY NAME IS JOHN HUGHES I'M AN EDITOR AT BLOOMBERG FIRST WORD 4 00:00:07,629 --> 00:00:11,500 THAT'S BLOOMBERG'S BREAKING NEWS DESK HERE IN WASHINGTON AND I'M 5 00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:14,240 THE PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB. 6 00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:17,860 WE HAVE A HISTORIC DAY HERE IN THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB. 7 00:00:17,860 --> 00:00:21,310 OUR GUEST LIVE VIA VIDEO LINK FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 8 00:00:21,310 --> 00:00:25,890 STATION IS ASTRONAUT SCOTT KELLY. 9 00:00:25,890 --> 00:00:30,040 HERE IN THE BALLROOM NEXT TO ME WE WELCOME ASTRONAUTS MARK KELLY 10 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:31,560 AND TERRY IT'S VERY. 11 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:35,040 FIRST I WANT TO INTRODUCE OUR DISTINGUISHED HEAD TABLE. 12 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:39,670 THIS TABLE INCLUDES CLUB MEMBERS AND GUESTS OF OUR SPEAKERS FROM 13 00:00:39,670 --> 00:00:43,660 THE AUDIENCE' RIGHT, DAVID SHEPHERDSON WASHINGTON BUREAU 14 00:00:43,660 --> 00:00:46,550 CHIEF FOR THE DETROIT NEWS. 15 00:00:46,550 --> 00:00:50,579 ROBERT KOONTZ DEPUTY NEWS EDITOR FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCE AT THE 16 00:00:50,579 --> 00:00:52,230 JOURNAL SCIENCE. 17 00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:56,769 COLONEL KATIE COLEMAN A NASA ASTRONAUT. 18 00:00:56,769 --> 00:00:58,539 FRANK MORNING JR. 19 00:00:58,539 --> 00:01:02,269 EDITOR FOR AVIATION WEEK. 20 00:01:02,269 --> 00:01:09,580 JERRY RIMSKY CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF 21 00:01:09,580 --> 00:01:12,340 THE SPEAKER'S COMMITTEE. 22 00:01:12,340 --> 00:01:18,360 DANIEL SELNICK, PRESS CLUB MEMBER WHO ORGANIZED THIS 23 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:19,820 MORNING'S BREAKFAST. 24 00:01:19,820 --> 00:01:21,190 THANK YOU, DANNY. 25 00:01:21,190 --> 00:01:27,250 CAPTAIN SAMANTHA FERETTI A EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY ASTRONAUT. 26 00:01:27,250 --> 00:01:32,880 ANDRE SETOFF BUREAU CHIEF FOR TASK THE NEWS AGENCY OF RUSSIA. 27 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:35,520 A REPORTER. 28 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:42,840 TOM McMAHON, VICE PRESIDENT OF ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS FOR 29 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:46,310 UNMANNED VEHICLE SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL AND A NATIONAL 30 00:01:46,310 --> 00:01:48,280 PRESS CLUB BOARD MEMBER. 31 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:53,520 WELCOME TO YOU ALL. 32 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:56,910 [ APPLAUSE ] I ALSO WANT TO WELCOME OUR 33 00:01:56,910 --> 00:02:00,550 C-SPAN AND PUBLIC RADIO AUDIENCES AND OUR LIVE AUDIENCES 34 00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:03,210 WATCHING AROUND THE WORLD ON THE INTERNET. 35 00:02:03,210 --> 00:02:08,810 CAN YOU FOLLOW THE ACTION ON TWITTER, USE THE #NPCLIVE. 36 00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:15,829 #NPCLIVE ON TWITTER. 100 YEARS AGO ONE OF THE FIRST 37 00:02:15,829 --> 00:02:19,269 TRANSCONTINENTAL TELEPHONE CALLS WAS MADE FROM THE NATIONAL PRESS 38 00:02:19,269 --> 00:02:23,269 CLUB, A PHOTO ON THE WALL UPSTAIRS DOCUMENTS THAT HISTORIC 39 00:02:23,269 --> 00:02:24,269 MOMENT. 40 00:02:24,269 --> 00:02:26,909 I WANT ALSO MARKED THE FIRST TIME THAT A HIGH RANKING U.S. 41 00:02:26,909 --> 00:02:30,640 OFFICIAL WAS PHOTOGRAPHED AT THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB BECAUSE IT 42 00:02:30,640 --> 00:02:34,940 WAS THEN SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN WHO MADE 43 00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:37,900 THAT HISTORIC CALL TO SAN FRANCISCO. 44 00:02:37,900 --> 00:02:43,080 EARLIER THIS YEAR, VINCE SURF WHO HAS BEEN DOING SOME WORK FOR 45 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:48,680 NASA ASKED THE QUESTION WHAT TO BE WITH 2015 EQUIVALENT OF THAT 46 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:51,689 1915 PHONE CALL? 47 00:02:51,689 --> 00:02:56,049 WELL, SOME CONVERSATIONS THAT RESULTED FROM THAT QUESTION AND 48 00:02:56,049 --> 00:03:00,040 SOME COOPERATION FROM NASA LED US HERE TODAY FOR ANOTHER FIRST 49 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:03,950 FOR THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB, A LIVE PRESS CONFERENCE, LIVE 50 00:03:03,950 --> 00:03:08,700 MESSAGING GOING UP TO SPACE AND IT'S A HISTORIC DAY. 51 00:03:08,700 --> 00:03:12,340 IT RAISES THE QUESTION FOR THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB PRESIDENT OF 52 00:03:12,340 --> 00:03:16,950 2115 THAT IS WHO ARE YOU GOING TO CALL AND HOW FAR AWAY ARE 53 00:03:16,950 --> 00:03:18,549 YOU GOING TO REACH? 54 00:03:18,549 --> 00:03:24,590 SO IT'S VERY FASCINATING THAT WE'RE HERE TODAY AND I WANT TO 55 00:03:24,590 --> 00:03:29,870 REMIND YOU ALL OUR ASTRONAUT IN SPACE IS SCOTT KELLY. 56 00:03:29,870 --> 00:03:35,739 KELLY WENT TO THE SPACE STATION IN MAY TO BEGIN A 342 DAY STINT 57 00:03:35,739 --> 00:03:40,739 THERE, AND THAT WILL BE -- I'M SORRY -- THAT WAS MARCH NOT MAY, 58 00:03:40,739 --> 00:03:43,450 THIS IS HIS BROTHER WHO JUST CORRECTED ME. 59 00:03:43,450 --> 00:03:47,590 THIS WILL BE THE LONGEST EVER STINT BY A U.S. ASTRONAUT. 60 00:03:47,590 --> 00:03:52,609 AND AS OF TODAY HE'S JUST UNDER HALFWAY POINT TO MAKING HISTORY. 61 00:03:52,609 --> 00:03:55,809 HERE ON THE GROUND WE HAVE SCOTT'S TWIN BROTHER, A RETIRED 62 00:03:55,809 --> 00:03:59,530 NASA ASTRONAUT CAPTAIN MARK KELLY AND HE'S UNDERGOING A 63 00:03:59,530 --> 00:04:03,040 STUDY WITH HIS BROTHER TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF LONG 64 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:06,579 DURATION SPACE FLIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY. 65 00:04:06,579 --> 00:04:11,109 WE ALSO HAVE HERE ON EARTH AIR FORCE COLONEL TERRY VIRTS WHO IN 66 00:04:11,109 --> 00:04:15,710 JUNE WAS THE MOST RECENT ASTRONAUT TO RETURN FROM THE 67 00:04:15,710 --> 00:04:18,010 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 68 00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:22,009 SO WE WELCOME OUR ASTRONAUTS HERE ON THE GROUND AND I EXPECT 69 00:04:22,009 --> 00:04:26,090 THAT IN ABOUT A MINUTE WE WILL BE HEARING FROM THE 70 00:04:26,090 --> 00:04:28,980 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 71 00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,780 WHAT YOUR GOING TO SAY TO YOUR BROTHER IF YOU'RE ABLE TO SEND A 72 00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:35,080 MESSAGE TO HIM THIS MORNING? 73 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:37,500 >> YOU WANT ME TO SAY IT TWICE? 74 00:04:37,500 --> 00:04:41,260 [ LAUGHTER ] >> WAIT UNTIL WE GET HIM ON THE 75 00:04:41,260 --> 00:04:42,260 SCREEN. 76 00:04:42,260 --> 00:04:43,260 WE'LL BE SURPRISED. 77 00:04:43,260 --> 00:04:44,780 >> I TALKED TO HIM YESTERDAY. 78 00:04:44,780 --> 00:04:48,120 WE CAUGHT UP A LITTLE BIT ON WHAT'S BEEN GOING ON. 79 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:51,150 I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO -- THERE'S A PHONE ON THE SPACE 80 00:04:51,150 --> 00:04:54,150 STATION FOR FOLKS THAT DON'T KNOW THAT. 81 00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:56,090 IT'S KIND OF LIKE AN INTERNET CALL. 82 00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:58,090 THERE HE IS. 83 00:04:58,090 --> 00:04:59,420 >> THERE'S SCOTT. 84 00:04:59,420 --> 00:05:00,790 >> SCOTT, CAN YOU HEAR US? 85 00:05:00,790 --> 00:05:05,820 >> ARE YOU READY FOR THE EVENT? 86 00:05:05,820 --> 00:05:07,229 >> I'M READY FOR THE EVENT. 87 00:05:07,229 --> 00:05:12,889 >> NATIONAL PRESS CLUB THIS IS MISSION CONTROL HOUSTON PLEASE 88 00:05:12,889 --> 00:05:13,889 CALL STATION FOR VOICE CHECK. 89 00:05:13,889 --> 00:05:15,389 >> STATION THIS IS NATIONAL PRESS CLUB. 90 00:05:15,389 --> 00:05:18,199 HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? 91 00:05:18,199 --> 00:05:21,490 >> I HAVE YOU LOUD AND CLEAR. 92 00:05:21,490 --> 00:05:23,699 WELCOME ABOARD THE SPACE STATION. 93 00:05:23,699 --> 00:05:25,020 >> WELCOME. 94 00:05:25,020 --> 00:05:27,389 THANKS FOR JOINING US, SCOTT. 95 00:05:27,389 --> 00:05:29,009 WE HAVE A FULL ROOM HERE. 96 00:05:29,009 --> 00:05:32,650 I KNOW IT'S AROUND LUNCH TIME UP THERE. 97 00:05:32,650 --> 00:05:34,580 WE JUST HAD BREAKFAST. 98 00:05:34,580 --> 00:05:41,169 COULD YOU TELL US WHAT YOU'RE DOING TODAY? 99 00:05:41,169 --> 00:05:44,169 >> FIRST OF ALL, IT'S GREAT TO BE HERE WITH YOU GUYS TODAY. 100 00:05:44,169 --> 00:05:47,889 I KNOW YOU'RE HAVING BREAKFAST BECAUSE BOTH MY BROTHER AND 101 00:05:47,889 --> 00:05:50,379 TERRY VIRTS THERE SENT ME PICTURES OF THEIR FOOD. 102 00:05:50,379 --> 00:05:54,520 I GUESS THEY ARE TRYING TO MAKE ME FEEL BAD ABOUT WHAT WE HAVE 103 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:56,349 TO EAT UP HERE. 104 00:05:56,349 --> 00:05:59,319 BUT TODAY IS ACTUALLY A DAY OFF FOR US BECAUSE WE HAD SOME CREW 105 00:05:59,319 --> 00:06:04,930 MEMBERS DEPARTING LATE LAST WEEK, SO TODAY IS ACTUALLY A 106 00:06:04,930 --> 00:06:06,960 FREE DAY. 107 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:09,410 >> AND WHAT DO YOU DO ON YOUR DAY OFF ON THE INTERNATIONAL 108 00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:14,429 SPACE STATION? 109 00:06:14,429 --> 00:06:18,330 >> YOU KNOW, WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK UP HERE WITH OVER 400 110 00:06:18,330 --> 00:06:22,360 DIFFERENT SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS DOING ON THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 111 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,009 WE DO A LOT OF WORK ON THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS THAT KEEP US 112 00:06:26,009 --> 00:06:27,240 ALIVE. 113 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:32,710 SO MOSTLY ON THE DAY OFF IT'S A TIME TO REST AND RECOVER FROM 114 00:06:32,710 --> 00:06:34,270 THE VERY HECTIC SCHEDULE. 115 00:06:34,270 --> 00:06:39,360 I GENERALLY TAKE A LOT OF PICTURES OF EARTH, DO E-MAIL, 116 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:41,580 MAYBE WATCH SOMETHING ON TV. 117 00:06:41,580 --> 00:06:45,340 YESTERDAY WE WERE WATCHING THE TEXAN GAME AND THE BRONCOS 118 00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:46,970 GAME LATER. 119 00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:48,949 THAT WAS NICE. 120 00:06:48,949 --> 00:06:54,230 >> SO YOU'RE ABOUT HALFWAY TO YOUR YEAR LONG GOAL. 121 00:06:54,230 --> 00:06:55,820 HOW DO YOU FEEL? 122 00:06:55,820 --> 00:07:00,569 WHAT EFFECTS HAVE MICROGRAVITY HAD ON YOU SO FAR IN THIS ALMOST 123 00:07:00,569 --> 00:07:03,370 SIX MONTH PERIOD? 124 00:07:03,370 --> 00:07:05,290 >> YES. 125 00:07:05,290 --> 00:07:08,610 SO, YOU KNOW, I FEEL PRETTY GOOD OVERALL. 126 00:07:08,610 --> 00:07:12,620 I DEFINITELY RECOGNIZE THAT I'VE BEEN UP HERE A LONG TIME AND 127 00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:15,820 HAVE, YOU KNOW, JUST AS LONG AHEAD OF ME. 128 00:07:15,820 --> 00:07:18,630 BUT I FEEL, YOU KNOW, POSITIVE ABOUT IT. 129 00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:23,960 I THINK, YOU KNOW, IF I MANAGE MY WORK, PACE OF WORK AND ENERGY 130 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:27,710 RIGHT I'LL HAVE, YOU KNOW, ENOUGH IN THE TANK TO GET TO THE 131 00:07:27,710 --> 00:07:28,710 END. 132 00:07:28,710 --> 00:07:29,710 I'M PRETTY SURE I WILL. 133 00:07:29,710 --> 00:07:33,620 AS FAR AS PHYSICALLY, YOU KNOW I FEEL GOOD. 134 00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:36,830 YOU KNOW WE HAVE SOME PRETTY GOOD EXERCISE EQUIPMENT UP HERE. 135 00:07:36,830 --> 00:07:39,870 BUT THERE ARE A LOT OF EFFECTS OF THIS ENVIRONMENT THAT WE 136 00:07:39,870 --> 00:07:46,020 CAN'T SEE OR FEEL, LIKE BONE LOSS, EFFECTS ON OUR VISION, 137 00:07:46,020 --> 00:07:51,780 GENETICS, RNA, DNA PROTEINS AND THAT'S WHY WE'RE STEW DIG THIS 138 00:07:51,780 --> 00:07:55,199 MYSELF AND MISHA ON THIS ONE YEAR FLIGHT. 139 00:07:55,199 --> 00:07:58,240 THE JURY IS OUT ON THAT. 140 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:04,259 WE HAVE TO GET THE DATA AND HAVE THE SCIENTISTS ANALYZE IT AND 141 00:08:04,259 --> 00:08:08,389 THEN, YOU KNOW, SUBMIT THE RESULTS FOR PEER REVIEW, THE 142 00:08:08,389 --> 00:08:09,780 STUFF THAT SCIENTISTS DO. 143 00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:13,699 SO HOPEFULLY WE'LL FIND OUT SOME GREAT THINGS ABOUT ME AND MY 144 00:08:13,699 --> 00:08:16,759 COLLEAGUES SPENDING A YEAR IN SPACE. 145 00:08:16,759 --> 00:08:20,060 >> SO THERE'S A LOT OF ATTENTION, A LOT OF INTEREST IN 146 00:08:20,060 --> 00:08:21,650 GETTING TO MARS. 147 00:08:21,650 --> 00:08:28,369 HOW WILL YOUR EFFORT UP THERE HELP US GET TO MARS? 148 00:08:28,369 --> 00:08:35,469 >> SO, A LOT OF THE STUDIES WE'RE DOING FOCUSES ON, YOU 149 00:08:35,469 --> 00:08:39,219 KNOW, PARTICULARLY ME AND MY RUSSIAN COLLEAGUE MIKHAIL 150 00:08:39,219 --> 00:08:44,430 KORNIENKO LONGER DURATION SPACE FLIGHT THAN WE'VE DONE BEFORE. 151 00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:47,459 THIS IS AN INCREDIBLE FACILITY WE HAVE, THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 152 00:08:47,459 --> 00:08:52,880 STATION HAS A LOT OF CAPABILITY TO COLLECT DATA ON US. 153 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:54,340 YOU KNOW WE HAVE AN ULTRASOUND. 154 00:08:54,340 --> 00:08:56,990 WE HAVE THESE DEVICES THAT MEASURE OUR VISION. 155 00:08:56,990 --> 00:09:01,630 NEXT WEEK WE'LL DO A LOT OF THIS IMAGING AND DATA COLLECTION AND 156 00:09:01,630 --> 00:09:07,279 A RUSSIAN DEVICE THAT PULLS THE BLOOD DOWN TOWARDS OUR FEET. 157 00:09:07,279 --> 00:09:10,399 LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE DEVICE. 158 00:09:10,399 --> 00:09:14,110 AND, YOU KNOW, FROM THESE EXPERIMENTS, WE'LL HOPEFULLY 159 00:09:14,110 --> 00:09:19,089 FIND OUT IF THERE ARE ANY CLIFFS OUT THERE, IF OUR VISION GETS 160 00:09:19,089 --> 00:09:22,150 SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE, MAYBE AFTER, YOU KNOW, NINE MONTHS OR 161 00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:26,100 A YEAR AND EVEN THOUGH THE RUSSIANS HAVE FLOWN ON BOARD THE 162 00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:32,029 MIR SPACE STATION FOR A YEAR OR LONGER IN A COUPLE OF CASES THEY 163 00:09:32,029 --> 00:09:36,320 DIDN'T HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY WE HAVE TODAY TO FIGURE THIS OUT. 164 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:40,459 YOU KNOW, THE SPACE STATION IS A GREAT EXPERIMENT IN SUSTAINABLE 165 00:09:40,459 --> 00:09:44,209 ENERGY AND LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT AND UNDERSTANDING, YOU 166 00:09:44,209 --> 00:09:46,970 KNOW, HOW THAT WORKS AND HOW WE CAN, YOU KNOW, MAINTAIN 167 00:09:46,970 --> 00:09:50,210 OURSELVES WITH THESE SYSTEMS FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. 168 00:09:50,210 --> 00:09:53,110 BOTH OF THOSE THINGS WILL HELP US GO TO MARS SOME DAY AND 169 00:09:53,110 --> 00:09:56,410 HOPEFULLY IN THE NOT TOO DISTANT FUTURE. 170 00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,110 >> AS PART OF WHAT'S HAPPENING YOU'RE UNDERGOING A TWIN STUDY 171 00:10:00,110 --> 00:10:03,600 ALONG WITH YOUR BROTHER HERE ON THE GROUND. 172 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:04,980 EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS WORKING. 173 00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:09,940 DO YOU HAVE ANY RESULTS ON THE TWIN STUDIES SO FAR, ANYTHING 174 00:10:09,940 --> 00:10:15,779 YOU CAN SHARE OR WON'T ANY OF THIS BE KNOWN UNTIL AFTER YOUR 175 00:10:15,779 --> 00:10:23,090 EXPERIENCE IS DONE AND YOU ANALYZE ALL THE DATA AFTERWARDS? 176 00:10:23,090 --> 00:10:26,230 >> YOU KNOW, I THINK MOST OF IT WILL BE STUFF THAT WE LEARN 177 00:10:26,230 --> 00:10:27,310 AFTERWARDS. 178 00:10:27,310 --> 00:10:33,180 I HAVE HAD SOME INTERACTION WITH SOME OF THE INVESTIGATORS. 179 00:10:33,180 --> 00:10:36,779 YOU KNOW, ONE THING THAT WAS, I FOUND SOMEWHAT INTERESTING, 180 00:10:36,779 --> 00:10:43,050 MAYBE NOT TOO UNEXPECTED, IS OUR MICROBIO, YOU KNOW THE STUFF 181 00:10:43,050 --> 00:10:45,750 INSIDE OF US THAT'S NOT US. 182 00:10:45,750 --> 00:10:50,480 WE HAVE MORE CELLS OF BACTERIA THAT WE CARRY AROUND WITH US 183 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:56,550 THAT, YOU KNOW, AREN'T, ISN'T PART OF OUR BODY BUT THEY JUST 184 00:10:56,550 --> 00:10:58,610 LIVE INSIDE OF US. 185 00:10:58,610 --> 00:11:02,300 AND, YOU KNOW, ONE OF THE PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS TOLD ME 186 00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:07,779 THAT WHILE I WAS UP HERE THAT SHE FOUND IT INTERESTING THAT MY 187 00:11:07,779 --> 00:11:10,579 BROTHER'S AND I MICROBIO ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. 188 00:11:10,579 --> 00:11:16,029 IT'S NOT THAT UNEXPECTED BECAUSE WE DO LIVE SEPARATE LIVES BUT IT 189 00:11:16,029 --> 00:11:20,529 WAS KIND OF AN INTERESTING FACTOID I GUESS. 190 00:11:20,529 --> 00:11:24,480 >> THE GOAL, HOWEVER IS AT THE END OF THIS YOU CAN DOCUMENT OR 191 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:27,990 NASA WILL BE ABLE TO DOCUMENT AS NEVER BEFORE THE EFFECTS OF 192 00:11:27,990 --> 00:11:35,370 MICROGRAVITY ON A HUMAN USING A TWIN HUMAN TO REALLY GET IN AT A 193 00:11:35,370 --> 00:11:38,850 DETAILED LEVEL. 194 00:11:38,850 --> 00:11:41,600 >> YEAH. 195 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:46,111 YOU KNOW, IT'S REALLY -- IT'S KIND OF A THING THAT MY BROTHER 196 00:11:46,111 --> 00:11:49,590 AND I ARE IDENTICAL TWINS AND ASTRONAUTS. 197 00:11:49,590 --> 00:11:54,410 THE FACT HE IS AN ASTRONAUT AND HAS A LOT OF EXPERIENCE WITH 198 00:11:54,410 --> 00:11:58,000 NASA MEANS NOT ONLY IS HE COMFORTABLE DOING ALL OF THESE 199 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:02,240 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS AS A CONTROL PERSON, BUT ALSO NASA 200 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:05,440 HAS A LOT OF DATA ON HIM GOING BACK TO WHEN WE INTERVIEWED IN 201 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:07,240 1995. 202 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:10,070 SO THEY CAN LOOK AT THAT DATA AND LOOK AT, YOU KNOW, THE DATA 203 00:12:10,070 --> 00:12:12,820 THEY COLLECT WITH HIM OVER THIS YEAR. 204 00:12:12,820 --> 00:12:18,200 AND SEE WHAT KIND OF DEVIATIONS WE HAVE ON A GENETIC LEVEL, 205 00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:21,920 WHICH, YOU KNOW, COULD BE A RESULT OF THIS ENVIRONMENT, THE 206 00:12:21,920 --> 00:12:24,579 WEIGHTLESSNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT, THE RADIATION THAT 207 00:12:24,579 --> 00:12:25,579 WE SEE. 208 00:12:25,579 --> 00:12:29,459 AND, YOU KNOW, FROM THAT, FIGURE OUT OTHER AREAS WE NEED TO 209 00:12:29,459 --> 00:12:33,089 INVESTIGATE SO WE CAN, YOU KNOW, EVENTUALLY COMPLETE OUR JOURNEY 210 00:12:33,089 --> 00:12:36,590 TO MARS AND ELSEWHERE. 211 00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:40,180 >> NASA ESTIMATES THAT THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED EARTH-LIKE 212 00:12:40,180 --> 00:12:45,320 PLANET IN THE KEPLER 452 STAR SYSTEM HAS DOUBLED THE EARTH'S 213 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:46,760 GRAVITY. 214 00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:50,800 THOSE SCIENTISTS MENTIONED YOUR HEROIC EXPERIMENTS AND THE 215 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:53,830 EFFECTS ON GRAVITY AND WHEN TALKING ABOUT THIS. 216 00:12:53,830 --> 00:12:57,120 SO AS YOU ANTICIPATE THE PHYSICAL RECOVERY NEEDED TO 217 00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:00,380 RETURN TO EARTH'S GRAVITY FROM THE WEIGHTLESSNESS OF THE SPACE 218 00:13:00,380 --> 00:13:05,100 STATION, HOW DO YOU THINK HUMANS COULD ONE DAY ADAPT TO GRAVITY 219 00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:12,260 STRONGER THAN EARTH? 220 00:13:12,260 --> 00:13:17,779 >> YOU KNOW, I GUESS, YOU KNOW, CHARLES DARWIN PROVED THAT, YOU 221 00:13:17,779 --> 00:13:20,490 KNOW, THE SPECIES, DIFFERENT SPECIES IN GENERAL ARE VERY 222 00:13:20,490 --> 00:13:24,540 ADAPTABLE TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND, YOU KNOW, SO I THINK OVER 223 00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:29,839 THE LONG TERM IT WOULDN'T BE AN ISSUE, JUST LIKE WE LEARNED TO 224 00:13:29,839 --> 00:13:33,779 LIVE AND WORK IN MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT I'M SURE PEOPLE 225 00:13:33,779 --> 00:13:37,030 WOULD BE ABLE TO LIVE AND WORK IN A, YOU KNOW, IN AN 226 00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:40,269 ENVIRONMENT THAT'S TWICE THE AMOUNT OF GRAVITY, ALTHOUGH I 227 00:13:40,269 --> 00:13:42,950 THINK, YOU KNOW, TO BE COMFORTABLE WITH THAT, IN THAT 228 00:13:42,950 --> 00:13:46,350 SITUATION, PROBABLY TAKE A LITTLE BIT LONGER THAN TO GET 229 00:13:46,350 --> 00:13:49,710 COMFORTABLE UP HERE, WEIGHING TWICE AS MUCH. 230 00:13:49,710 --> 00:13:52,860 BUT, YOU KNOW, WHEN WE COME BACK FROM THE SPACE STATION WE DO 231 00:13:52,860 --> 00:13:58,459 FEEL LIKE, YOU KNOW, YOU WEIGH 500 POUNDS, YOU KNOW, MORE THAN 232 00:13:58,459 --> 00:14:02,010 DOUBLE YOUR REAL WEIGHT. 233 00:14:02,010 --> 00:14:05,120 BUT IT'S SOMETHING YOU ADJUST TO VERY QUICKLY AND I THINK WE AS A 234 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,450 SPECIES, YOU KNOW, THROUGHOUT EVOLUTION HAVE SHOWN WE'RE VERY 235 00:14:08,450 --> 00:14:11,069 ADAPTABLE. 236 00:14:11,069 --> 00:14:15,120 >> SO HOW LONG HAS IT AND THE TO YOU GET USED TO THIS ENVIRONMENT 237 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:20,310 OF MICROGRAVITY, AND IS IT A CONSTANT PROCESS OF ADJUSTMENT 238 00:14:20,310 --> 00:14:24,889 OR IS IT SOMETHING THAT YOU FIGURE OUT AND THEN IT'S JUST 239 00:14:24,889 --> 00:14:28,910 THERE? 240 00:14:28,910 --> 00:14:32,500 >> YOU KNOW, THAT'S A REALLY GOOD QUESTION, AND, YOU KNOW, 241 00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:36,110 ONE I'VE NEVER BEEN ASKED BEFORE, WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF 242 00:14:36,110 --> 00:14:37,110 ADJUSTING. 243 00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:42,680 AND, YOU KNOW, SO FAR I FOUND THAT IT IS A CONTINUOUS THING. 244 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:47,790 YOU KNOW IT GETS, YOU KNOW, LESS SIGNIFICANT OVER TIME. 245 00:14:47,790 --> 00:14:52,319 BUT I DO NOTICE, YOU KNOW, I CAN DO THINGS NOW THAT, YOU KNOW, I 246 00:14:52,319 --> 00:14:54,940 COULDN'T DO RIGHT WHEN I FIRST GOT UP HERE EVEN THOUGH I HAD 247 00:14:54,940 --> 00:14:58,339 FLOWN 180 DAYS IN SPACE BEFORE. 248 00:14:58,339 --> 00:15:02,560 YOU KNOW MY ABILITY TO MOVE AROUND IS REALLY IMPROVED OVER 249 00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:04,839 TIME AND CONTINUES TO IMPROVE. 250 00:15:04,839 --> 00:15:08,139 AND, YOU KNOW, YOU JUST GET MORE COMFORTABLE. 251 00:15:08,139 --> 00:15:10,019 YOUR CLARITY OF THOUGHT IS GREATER. 252 00:15:10,019 --> 00:15:13,259 YOUR ABILITY TO FOCUS, THINGS LIKE THAT. 253 00:15:13,259 --> 00:15:19,610 SO, YOU KNOW, I FOUND THAT THE ADAPTATION HAS NOT STOPPED AND, 254 00:15:19,610 --> 00:15:22,750 YOU KNOW, BE INTERESTING TO SEE WHERE I'M AT SIX MONTHS FROM 255 00:15:22,750 --> 00:15:24,650 NOW. 256 00:15:24,650 --> 00:15:28,080 >> I KNOW THAT ON EARTH WHEN THEY DO EXPERIMENTS, THERE YOU 257 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:32,390 GO -- [ LAUGHTER ] 258 00:15:32,390 --> 00:15:33,390 -- THAT'S GOOD. 259 00:15:33,390 --> 00:15:36,740 THAT'S GOOD. 260 00:15:36,740 --> 00:15:40,740 ON EARTH WHEN THEY DO EXPERIMENTS THEY OFTEN PUT 261 00:15:40,740 --> 00:15:45,149 PEOPLE DOWN IN A CLOSE ENVIRONMENT AND LEAVE THEM THERE 262 00:15:45,149 --> 00:15:49,510 FOR MONTHS AT A TIME TO SEE HOW THEY INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER. 263 00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:53,290 YOU'RE UP THERE FOR A LONG TIME WITH YOUR COLLEAGUE. 264 00:15:53,290 --> 00:15:57,440 HOW ABOUT THE HUMAN COMPONENT OF THIS, THE HUMAN INTERACTION? 265 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:02,680 ARE THERE SUBJECTS THAT YOU NEED TO AVOID IN TALKING ABOUT OR HOW 266 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:08,019 DO YOU LEARN TO LIVE WITH ONE PERSON FOR SUCH A LONG TIME OR 267 00:16:08,019 --> 00:16:14,990 PEOPLE SO LONG UP ON THE SPACE STATION? 268 00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:19,180 >> YOU KNOW, I THINK PEOPLE FIND IT HARD TO BELIEVE, BUT, YOU 269 00:16:19,180 --> 00:16:24,110 KNOW, SO FAR IN MY OVER 300 DAYS, ACTUALLY APPROACHING A 270 00:16:24,110 --> 00:16:27,930 YEAR IN SPACE, I'VE NOTICED VERY FEW CONFLICTS. 271 00:16:27,930 --> 00:16:31,470 I THINK NOT ONLY DOES NASA BUT OUR INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS DO A 272 00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:35,200 VERY GOOD JOB AT SELECTING PEOPLE THAT ARE, YOU KNOW, EASY 273 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,350 TO GET ALONG WITH IN THIS TYPE OF A HARSH ENVIRONMENT. 274 00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:42,560 SO, YOU KNOW, ESPECIALLY ON THIS FLIGHT I HAVEN'T HAD ANY ISSUES 275 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:46,350 AND NOR I DO EXPECT TO HAVE ANY OR, YOU KNOW, PEOPLE EXPECT TO 276 00:16:46,350 --> 00:16:49,579 HAVE ISSUES WITH ME, HOPEFULLY NOT. 277 00:16:49,579 --> 00:16:53,130 WE GET ALONG GREAT AND IT'S, YOU KNOW, WE'RE ALL ONE BIG TEAM UP 278 00:16:53,130 --> 00:16:54,130 HERE. 279 00:16:54,130 --> 00:16:57,300 WE REALIZE HOW WE RELY ON EACH OTHER ON A PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL 280 00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:00,390 BUT FOR OUR OWN PERSONAL SAFETY. 281 00:17:00,390 --> 00:17:05,720 THAT GOES -- YOU KNOW IT'S JUST AS IMPORTANT WITH MY, YOU KNOW, 282 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:08,650 FELLOW ASTRONAUT UP HERE AS IT IS WITH MY OTHER INTERNATIONAL 283 00:17:08,650 --> 00:17:12,699 COLLEAGUES INCLUDING THE RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS ON BOARD. 284 00:17:12,699 --> 00:17:16,589 >> I'LL BRING IN YOUR BROTHER HERE IN A MINUTE. 285 00:17:16,589 --> 00:17:21,230 DO YOU THINK THAT YOU OR MARK GOT THE BETTER END OF THE DEAL 286 00:17:21,230 --> 00:17:25,500 ON THE TWIN STUDY? 287 00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:29,690 >> WELL, I THINK IT DEPENDS. 288 00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:35,610 YOU KNOW, IT'S A PRIVILEGE TO FLY ON THIS FLIGHT BUT, YOU 289 00:17:35,610 --> 00:17:38,410 KNOW, SOMETIMES WHEN HE SENDS ME PICTURES OF HIS BREAKFAST I'M A 290 00:17:38,410 --> 00:17:39,830 LITTLE ENVIOUS. 291 00:17:39,830 --> 00:17:44,520 [ LAUGHTER ] >> AND, MARK, WHAT WOULD YOU SAY 292 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:46,010 TO YOUR BROTHER? 293 00:17:46,010 --> 00:17:47,320 >> WHAT ABOUT BREAKFAST? 294 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,289 [ LAUGHTER ] >> SURE. 295 00:17:49,289 --> 00:17:52,530 >> I TALKED TO HIM YESTERDAY AND WE CAUGHT UP ON A FEW THINGS. 296 00:17:52,530 --> 00:17:55,630 YOU KNOW THERE'S A PHONE ON THE SPACE STATION SO WE CAN 297 00:17:55,630 --> 00:17:59,170 COMMUNICATE OTHER THAN, YOU KNOW, THIS KIND OF SETTING. 298 00:17:59,170 --> 00:18:02,909 I WAS INTERESTED IN WHAT YOU THOUGHT ABOUT THE HOUSTON TEXANS 299 00:18:02,909 --> 00:18:06,920 FIRST PERFORMANCE YESTERDAY. 300 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:14,630 >> WELL, FORTUNATELY IT'S A LONG SEASON, SO I'M VERY OPTIMISTIC 301 00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:15,630 THEY WILL IMPROVE. 302 00:18:15,630 --> 00:18:19,710 I THINK THERE ARE AREAS WHERE THEY NEED TO. 303 00:18:19,710 --> 00:18:23,320 BUT REGARDLESS OF HOW THEY DO I'M A HUGE FAN AND FEEL 304 00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:26,400 FORTUNATE TO HAVE FOOTBALL SEASON HERE AND HAVE SOMETHING 305 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,540 TO LOOK FORWARD TO ON THE WEEKENDS. 306 00:18:28,540 --> 00:18:31,510 >> I HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION FOR SCOTT PEOPLE MIGHT FIND 307 00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:32,510 INTERESTING. 308 00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:35,549 IN SPACE YOU HAVE HIS LEGS DOWN BUT NOT STANDING. 309 00:18:35,549 --> 00:18:38,210 HIS FEET IS UNDER A HAND RAIL. 310 00:18:38,210 --> 00:18:43,460 I THINK IT'S INTERESTING WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR FEET IN SPACE. 311 00:18:43,460 --> 00:18:47,769 IF YOU'RE COMFORTABLE SHARING THAT WITH FOLKS. 312 00:18:47,769 --> 00:18:50,620 >> YEAH. 313 00:18:50,620 --> 00:18:55,860 YOU KNOW, SO WE DON'T REALLY USE THE BOTTOM OF OUR FEET MUCH AND 314 00:18:55,860 --> 00:19:00,150 SO OVER TIME ANY CALLUSES YOU HAVE ON YOUR FEET KIND OF FALL 315 00:19:00,150 --> 00:19:05,159 OFF AND, YOU KNOW, AFTER ABOUT FIVE MONTHS UP HERE YOU HAVE 316 00:19:05,159 --> 00:19:07,220 BABY FEET. 317 00:19:07,220 --> 00:19:11,039 BUT THEN YOU HAVE A BIG CALLOUS ON THE TOP OF YOUR TOE, BIG TOE 318 00:19:11,039 --> 00:19:13,120 BECAUSE YOU USE THAT TO MOVE AROUND. 319 00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:16,401 WHEN I GOT BACK FROM MY LAST FLIGHT I WAS, YOU KNOW, A FEW 320 00:19:16,401 --> 00:19:19,660 DAYS AFTER THE FLIGHT I WAS GETTING A MASSAGE AT ONE OF 321 00:19:19,660 --> 00:19:23,770 THOSE MASSAGE CHAIN PLACES BECAUSE I WAS PRETTY SORE IN 322 00:19:23,770 --> 00:19:28,010 CERTAIN AREAS AND THE MASSEUSE SAYS YOU HAVE THE SOFTEST FEET 323 00:19:28,010 --> 00:19:32,930 I'VE EVER FELT IN MY WHOLE LIFE AND MY RESPONSE WAS THANK YOU, 324 00:19:32,930 --> 00:19:35,360 I'M VERY PROUD OF THEM. 325 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:40,700 [ LAUGHTER ] >> SCOTT, THIS IS OBVIOUSLY 326 00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,830 PROBABLY THE START OF WHAT WILL BE A LONG EXPERIENCE OF LONG 327 00:19:44,830 --> 00:19:48,530 HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT MISSIONS AS WE CONTEMPLATE MARS AND BEYOND 328 00:19:48,530 --> 00:19:49,990 IN OUR FUTURE. 329 00:19:49,990 --> 00:19:52,840 YOU HAVE BEEN UP THERE ABOUT HALFWAY NOW TO YOUR FULL YEAR 330 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:57,700 STINT, BUT DO YOU HAVE ANY ADVICE THAT YOU WOULD GIVE TO 331 00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:02,320 FUTURE ASTRONAUTS WHO ARE GOING TO BE SPENDING LONG DURATION IN 332 00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:10,409 SPACE, ANYTHING YOU'VE LEARNED SO FAR THAT YOU PASS ON TO THEM? 333 00:20:10,409 --> 00:20:13,830 >> YOU KNOW, I WAS FORTUNATE THAT I HAD FLOWN, YOU KNOW, 334 00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:16,610 ALMOST SIX MONTHS MY PREVIOUS FLIGHT SO I SORT OF KNEW WHAT I 335 00:20:16,610 --> 00:20:18,010 WAS GETTING INTO. 336 00:20:18,010 --> 00:20:26,260 BUT, YOU KNOW, DESPITE THAT I DID HAVE, YOU KNOW, CERTAIN, YOU 337 00:20:26,260 --> 00:20:29,610 KNOW, APPREHENSIONS HAVING TO GO INTO SOMETHING THAT WILL 338 00:20:29,610 --> 00:20:34,980 ADMONISH THAN TWICE AS LONG, SO I INTENTIONALLY, YOU KNOW, 339 00:20:34,980 --> 00:20:39,270 THOUGHT ABOUT WAYS FOR ME TO GET TO TEND OF THIS WITH AS MUCH 340 00:20:39,270 --> 00:20:41,529 ENERGY AS I HAD IN THE BEGINNING. 341 00:20:41,529 --> 00:20:45,020 AND PART OF THAT IS HAVING A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN WORK AND 342 00:20:45,020 --> 00:20:50,700 REST AND I INTENTIONALLY DON'T WORK AT THE SAME PACE I DID LAST 343 00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:55,380 TIME I WAS UP HERE WHERE, YOU KNOW, I FELT LIKE I COULD GO AT 344 00:20:55,380 --> 00:20:58,270 100% SPEED, YOU KNOW, FOR THE FULL SIX MONTHS. 345 00:20:58,270 --> 00:20:59,430 I CAN'T DO THAT. 346 00:20:59,430 --> 00:21:02,850 SO I CONSCIOUSLY TRIED TO THROTTLE MYSELF BACK A LITTLE 347 00:21:02,850 --> 00:21:06,900 BIT AT CERTAIN TIMES AND HAVE A REALLY GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN WORK 348 00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:12,480 AND REST AND THAT'S WHAT I WOULD ENCOURAGE ANYONE WHO ATTEMPTS TO 349 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:14,929 SPEND THIS AMOUNT OF TIME IN THIS TIME OF ENVIRONMENT IS YOU 350 00:21:14,929 --> 00:21:17,700 JUST HAVE TO PACE YOURSELF. 351 00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:20,020 >> IN THE REMAINING TIME YOU HAVE UP THERE, AS I SAID YOU'RE 352 00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:24,430 ABOUT HALFWAY, WHAT ARE YOU MOST LOOKING FORWARD TO IN THE NEXT 353 00:21:24,430 --> 00:21:32,240 SIX MONTHS OR SO UP THERE? 354 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,650 >> YOU KNOW, WE HAVE A COUPLE OF SPACE WALKS COMING UP. 355 00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,140 AND, YOU KNOW, I LOOK FORWARD TO THAT. 356 00:21:38,140 --> 00:21:39,840 I'VE HE IN REAR DONE A SPACEWALK. 357 00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:42,620 I'LL BE DOING ONE WITH THE GUY THAT JUST GOT SOMETHING OUT OF 358 00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:43,850 THE REFRIGERATOR. 359 00:21:43,850 --> 00:21:46,549 [ LAUGHTER ] SO WE BOTH LOOK FORWARD TO THAT. 360 00:21:46,549 --> 00:21:50,809 THAT'S A CHALLENGE FOR THE TWO OF US. 361 00:21:50,809 --> 00:21:54,610 BUT WHAT I'M LOOKING MOST FORWARD TO IS JUST GETTING TO 362 00:21:54,610 --> 00:22:00,789 THE END OF THIS WITH AS MUCH ENERGY AND ENTHUSIASM AS I HAD 363 00:22:00,789 --> 00:22:03,680 IN THE BEGINNING AND DOING IT SAFELY AND COMPLETING ALL OUR 364 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:07,149 MISSION OBJECTIVES AND GETTING ALL THE SCIENCE DONE. 365 00:22:07,149 --> 00:22:10,669 >> OKAY, LAST QUESTION. 366 00:22:10,669 --> 00:22:16,210 WHAT IS THE -- OF ALL THINGS THAT YOU MISS IN YOUR TIME AWAY 367 00:22:16,210 --> 00:22:20,591 FROM EARTH AND NOW AFTER SUCH A LONG TIME, WHAT'S THE TOP OF 368 00:22:20,591 --> 00:22:28,620 YOUR LIST THINGS YOU MISS FROM BECOME DOWN ON THE PLANET? 369 00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,130 >> SO AFTER BEING WITH OTHER PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, PEOPLE YOU 370 00:22:33,130 --> 00:22:37,610 CARE ABOUT, YOUR FAMILY, YOUR FRIENDS, JUST GOING OUTSIDE. 371 00:22:37,610 --> 00:22:41,400 I MEAN, THIS IS A VERY CLOSED ENVIRONMENT. 372 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,100 YOU KNOW, WE CAN NEVER LEAVE. 373 00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:46,340 THE LIGHTING IS ALWAYS PRETTY MUCH THE SAME. 374 00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:49,500 THE SMELLS, THE SOUNDS, EVERYTHING IS THE SAME. 375 00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:54,130 SO, YOU KNOW, EVEN I THINK MOST PRISONERS CAN GET OUTSIDE 376 00:22:54,130 --> 00:22:58,820 OCCASIONALLY, YOU KNOW IN A WEEK. 377 00:22:58,820 --> 00:23:00,029 BUT WE CAN'T. 378 00:23:00,029 --> 00:23:04,080 AND, YOU KNOW, THAT'S WHAT I MISS AFTER PEOPLE. 379 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:06,650 >> SCOTT KELLY, I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY ON THIS 380 00:23:06,650 --> 00:23:10,410 HISTORIC DAY AT THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB AND THE AUDIENCE 381 00:23:10,410 --> 00:23:13,051 WANTS TO SHOW ITS APPRECIATION BY GIVING YOU SOME APPLAUSE. 382 00:23:13,051 --> 00:23:14,051 THANK YOU. 383 00:23:14,051 --> 00:23:21,720 [ APPLAUSE ] >> MY PLEASURE. 384 00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:30,030 >>> ALL RIGHT. 385 00:23:30,030 --> 00:23:33,470 SEE YOU LATER. 386 00:23:33,470 --> 00:23:35,540 SOMEBODY PASSED UP A QUESTION AND MAYBE IT WAS ONE OF OUR -- 387 00:23:35,540 --> 00:23:37,340 >> BYE-BYE. 388 00:23:37,340 --> 00:23:39,430 >> ONE OF OUR NEWS PHOTOGRAPHERS IN THE ROOM. 389 00:23:39,430 --> 00:23:45,039 THERE WERE SOME LARGE CAMERAS IN THE PICTURES, TELEPHOTO LENS 390 00:23:45,039 --> 00:23:46,200 CAMERAS. 391 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,860 ARE THOSE TO TAKE PICTURES OF EARTH OR WHAT ARE THOSE USED 392 00:23:50,860 --> 00:23:51,860 FOR? 393 00:23:51,860 --> 00:23:55,780 >> THOSE ARE FOR EARTH LAB WHERE SCOTT WAS, HAS A VERY LARGE 394 00:23:55,780 --> 00:23:58,470 WINDOW, VERY HIGH QUALITY. 395 00:23:58,470 --> 00:24:00,490 SOMETIMES WE HAVE EXPERIMENTS IN THERE THAT TAKE PICTURES OF 396 00:24:00,490 --> 00:24:04,909 FARM, FIELDS, HOW THOSE ARE USED OR DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS. 397 00:24:04,909 --> 00:24:07,120 WHEN WE DON'T HAVE THE EXPERIMENT BLOCKING THE WINDOW 398 00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:09,970 WE CAN GRAB THE CAMERA AND TAKE PICTURES. 399 00:24:09,970 --> 00:24:11,350 SCOTT IS REALLY GOOD. 400 00:24:11,350 --> 00:24:15,779 I HAVE A TENDENCY TO TAKE BIG PICTURE VIEW WHERE YOU CAN SEE 401 00:24:15,779 --> 00:24:17,539 THE EARTH. 402 00:24:17,539 --> 00:24:21,320 SCOTT IS A FAN OF GETTING THAT 800 MILLIMETER TELESCOPE AND 403 00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:25,289 ZOOMING IN ON THE EARTH. 404 00:24:25,289 --> 00:24:28,170 ONE OF THE FAVORITE THINGS WE DO IN SPACE TO TAKE PICTURES. 405 00:24:28,170 --> 00:24:30,980 >> WHAT WAS THE ROOM THAT HE WAS COMING TO US FROM? 406 00:24:30,980 --> 00:24:33,220 WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THAT SPACE? 407 00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:35,760 >> WE WERE IN THE LAB AND WE WERE LOOKING BACKWARDS TOWARDS 408 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,490 THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT AND WHERE THE SHELF CAME FROM IS EXERCISE 409 00:24:39,490 --> 00:24:40,490 EQUIPMENT. 410 00:24:40,490 --> 00:24:44,730 HE WAS EITHER RUNNING ON THE TREADMILL OR WE HAVE AN EXERCISE 411 00:24:44,730 --> 00:24:52,750 MACHINE THAT ALLOWS TO YOU DO BENCH PRESS AND SQUATS. 412 00:24:52,750 --> 00:24:53,750 >> A U.S. LABORATORY. 413 00:24:53,750 --> 00:24:57,460 HOW WOULD YOU AVOID -- HE MENTIONED MISSING GOING OUTSIDE. 414 00:24:57,460 --> 00:25:01,700 WHAT WOULD YOU DO TO AVOID BEING STIR CRAZY UP THERE? 415 00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:05,440 >> IT WAS FUNNY, I THINK IT WAS RIGHT AFTER SCOTT GOT THERE, 416 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:07,890 SAMANTHA AND I WERE THERE. 417 00:25:07,890 --> 00:25:11,590 I MISSED EARTH AND THE RUSSIANS ACTUALLY WERE SENDING AUDIO 418 00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:15,649 CLIPS OF RAIN AND WIND AND BIRDS AND STUFF. 419 00:25:15,649 --> 00:25:18,610 SO THERE WAS ONE WEEKEND WHERE EVERY LAPTOP -- THE STATION HAS 420 00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:21,539 100 LAPTOPS AND WE PUT THIS RAIN SOUND. 421 00:25:21,539 --> 00:25:24,020 IT WAS RAINING IN THE STATION FOR THE WHOLE WEEKEND. 422 00:25:24,020 --> 00:25:25,020 IT WAS PRETTY COOL. 423 00:25:25,020 --> 00:25:27,429 EVERY WHERE YOU WENT IT SOUNDED LIKE RAIN. 424 00:25:27,429 --> 00:25:28,990 THAT WAS GOOD. 425 00:25:28,990 --> 00:25:31,630 THAT'S ONE WAY TO COPE WITH IT. 426 00:25:31,630 --> 00:25:35,580 >> MARK, I TALKED WITH YOUR BROTHER ABOUT THE TWIN STUDY. 427 00:25:35,580 --> 00:25:39,029 WHAT IS YOUR ROLE IN THE TWIN STUDY HERE ON THE GROUND AND HOW 428 00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:42,419 MUCH TIME DOES IT TAKE? 429 00:25:42,419 --> 00:25:45,191 HOW OFTEN ARE YOU BEING TESTED AND THE LIKE? 430 00:25:45,191 --> 00:25:48,860 >> SO FAR MY ROLE HAS BEEN TO PROVIDE SAMPLES. 431 00:25:48,860 --> 00:25:55,490 BLOOD, SALIVA, OTHER THINGS I WON'T GO INTO. 432 00:25:55,490 --> 00:26:00,480 AND BE THERE FOR MRIs AND ULTRASOUNDS AND SOME 433 00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:01,480 EXPERIMENTS. 434 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:03,840 SOMETIMES I'M LAYING IN A CONTRAPTION, I DON'T KNOW WHAT 435 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,390 THEY ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT. 436 00:26:05,390 --> 00:26:08,390 DO WHATEVER YOU HAVE TO DO. 437 00:26:08,390 --> 00:26:12,279 SO IT'S PROVIDING DATA OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME. 438 00:26:12,279 --> 00:26:14,670 SO SOMETIMES I'LL VISIT HOUSTON. 439 00:26:14,670 --> 00:26:18,510 AND MEET WITH THE RESEARCHERS AND SPEND A WHOLE DAY GIVING 440 00:26:18,510 --> 00:26:20,010 DATA. 441 00:26:20,010 --> 00:26:23,090 SOMETIMES THEY WILL SEND SOMEBODY TO TUCSON OR EVEN ONCE 442 00:26:23,090 --> 00:26:26,360 TO NEW YORK CITY TO COLLECT DATA FROM ME. 443 00:26:26,360 --> 00:26:29,070 WE'LL DO THIS WHILE MY BROTHER IS IN SPACE BUT THEN I THINK 444 00:26:29,070 --> 00:26:36,090 ALSO AFTER HE GETS BACK FOR A PERIOD OF TIME. 445 00:26:36,090 --> 00:26:40,840 FROM WHAT WE UNDERSTAND FROM SOME OF THESE RESEARCHERS, ONE 446 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:42,680 OF THEM RECENT LEADERSHIP SAID THAT THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE MORE 447 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:47,899 INFORMATION ON SCOTT AND I ON OUR, YOU KNOW, MOLECULAR AND 448 00:26:47,899 --> 00:26:51,910 GENETIC INFORMATION THAN ANY OTHER HUMAN EVER, YOU KNOW, THAT 449 00:26:51,910 --> 00:26:54,860 WAS NOT AN OFFICIAL POSITION BUT THIS IS WHAT ONE OF THE 450 00:26:54,860 --> 00:26:58,799 RESEARCHERS, THEIR COMMENTS ON THIS STUDY. 451 00:26:58,799 --> 00:27:02,251 AND THERE'S PROBABLY 10 TO 12 DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS OR AT 452 00:27:02,251 --> 00:27:05,779 LEAST DIFFERENT UNIVERSITIES DOING EXPERIMENTS FROM ALL THE 453 00:27:05,779 --> 00:27:09,440 WAY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF FRANKFURT TO STANFORD, HARVARD 454 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:13,680 MEDICAL SCHOOL, JOHNS HOPKINS, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 455 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:14,970 PURDUE. 456 00:27:14,970 --> 00:27:18,050 SO RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES. 457 00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:24,029 IT WILL BE INTERESTING TO SEE WHAT THE DATA SHOWS ON THE 458 00:27:24,029 --> 00:27:28,280 GENETIC AND MOLECULAR MOSTLY EFFECTS FROM THIS LONG DURATION 459 00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:29,280 SPACE FLIGHT. 460 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:34,049 MY BROTHER MENTIONED THAT THERE MIGHT BE A CLIFF, AND I DON'T 461 00:27:34,049 --> 00:27:38,460 THINK -- YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT NEED A LITTLE BIT FURTHER 462 00:27:38,460 --> 00:27:39,500 EXPLANATION, RIGHT. 463 00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:42,769 WE HAVE DATA ON A LOT OF PEOPLE AFTER SIX MONTHS FOR BEING IN 464 00:27:42,769 --> 00:27:43,799 SPACE. 465 00:27:43,799 --> 00:27:47,380 WE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA OF WHAT HAPPENS IN THAT SIX MONTH 466 00:27:47,380 --> 00:27:48,380 PERIOD. 467 00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,440 WE HAVE NO DATA BEYOND SIX MONTHS. 468 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:52,490 SO MAYBE THERE BECOMES A BEND IN THE CURVE. 469 00:27:52,490 --> 00:27:55,460 WHAT I MEAN BY IS THAT WE KNOW PEOPLE'S VISION GETS WORSE OVER 470 00:27:55,460 --> 00:27:57,049 THE SIX MONTH PERIOD. 471 00:27:57,049 --> 00:28:00,200 MAYBE AT NINE MONTHS OR TEN MONTHS MAYBE IT GETS REALLY, 472 00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:01,870 REALLY BAD. 473 00:28:01,870 --> 00:28:05,490 IMAGINE YOU'RE TRYING TO SEND A CREW TO GO WORK AND LIVE ON MARS 474 00:28:05,490 --> 00:28:08,620 FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME BUT BY THE TIME THEY GET THERE 475 00:28:08,620 --> 00:28:13,220 WE FIND OUT THEY WILL BE NEARLY BLIND FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. 476 00:28:13,220 --> 00:28:14,680 THAT'S A BIG PROBLEM. 477 00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:18,029 SO THAT'S PART OF THE IDEA OF DOING THIS RESEARCH OVER A ONE 478 00:28:18,029 --> 00:28:21,910 YEAR PERIOD IS TO FIGURE OUT IF THERE ARE ANY OF THESE BENDS IN 479 00:28:21,910 --> 00:28:23,250 THE CURVE. 480 00:28:23,250 --> 00:28:27,850 >> WHAT ARE THE THOUGHTS OF BOTH OF YOU ON HOW SOON WE CAN GET TO 481 00:28:27,850 --> 00:28:28,850 HARASS? 482 00:28:28,850 --> 00:28:30,759 -- TO MARS? 483 00:28:30,759 --> 00:28:36,830 >> OUR ABILITY TO GET TO MARS IS NOT SO MUCH BASED ON THE 484 00:28:36,830 --> 00:28:38,460 TECHNOLOGY TO DO THAT. 485 00:28:38,460 --> 00:28:40,440 THAT PART WE CAN FIGURE IT OUT. 486 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:42,590 WE CAN FIGURE OUT THE ENGINEERING AND PROPULSION 487 00:28:42,590 --> 00:28:48,159 SYSTEM AND WE CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT IT WILL TAKE TO MITIGATE 488 00:28:48,159 --> 00:28:51,080 THESE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. 489 00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:55,360 THE LIMITING FACTOR AND THE THINGS, REALLY THAT CONTROLS 490 00:28:55,360 --> 00:29:00,779 WHEN WE ACTUALLY DO THIS IS THE PUBLIC'S DESIRE TO DO IT. 491 00:29:00,779 --> 00:29:05,529 YOU KNOW, WE WILL NEED A LOT OF PUBLIC SUPPORT IF WE'RE GOING TO 492 00:29:05,529 --> 00:29:10,050 TAKE ON THAT KIND OF ENDEAVOR TO PUT A PERSON ON MARS AND THAT 493 00:29:10,050 --> 00:29:14,720 PUBLIC SUPPORT THEN MEANS WE GET CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT AND 494 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:17,429 ADMINISTRATION, YOU KNOW, SUPPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN 495 00:29:17,429 --> 00:29:18,700 THE WHITE HOUSE. 496 00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:20,480 THAT'S THE MOST IMPORTANT THING. 497 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:24,519 BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, A CHALLENGE LIKE SENDING SOMEBODY TO, YOU 498 00:29:24,519 --> 00:29:27,769 KNOW, SENDING PEOPLE TO MARS IS GOING TO BE EXPENSIVE AND TAKE A 499 00:29:27,769 --> 00:29:29,630 LONG TIME. 500 00:29:29,630 --> 00:29:33,809 SO WITHOUT THAT PUBLIC SUPPORT, I WOULD SAY IT WON'T HAPPEN. 501 00:29:33,809 --> 00:29:37,780 >> NOW BOTH OF YOU HAVE SPENT TIME IN THE STATION AND HAD THAT 502 00:29:37,780 --> 00:29:42,220 EXPERIENCE OF ADJUSTING BACK TO EARTH'S GRAVITY AND SCOTT WILL 503 00:29:42,220 --> 00:29:45,409 HAVE THAT IN A MORE SIGNIFICANT WAY ONE IMAGINES BECAUSE OF THE 504 00:29:45,409 --> 00:29:47,990 LENGTH OF TIME HE'LL BE UP THERE. 505 00:29:47,990 --> 00:29:51,840 BUT WHAT ARE THE THREE OR SO MOST UNIQUE THINGS THAT YOUR 506 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:55,940 BODY EXPERIENCES THAT YOU GO THROUGH WHEN YOU TRANSITION BACK 507 00:29:55,940 --> 00:29:59,920 TO EARTH FROM A PERIOD OF TIME UP IN THE SPACE STATION? 508 00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:00,920 >> IT'S INTERESTING. 509 00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:03,570 AFTER MY SHUTTLE FLIGHT WHICH WAS RELATIVELY SHORT DURATION, 510 00:30:03,570 --> 00:30:07,600 ONLY TWO WEEKS, I REALLY FELT HEAVY, MORE THAN ANYTHING. 511 00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,690 I FELT SENSE OF GRAVITY WAS PRETTY SIGNIFICANT. 512 00:30:11,690 --> 00:30:16,159 AND AFTER MY STATION FLIGHT OF 200 DAYS IT WAS, I FELT HEAVY 513 00:30:16,159 --> 00:30:20,470 BUT THE MAIN SENSATION I HAD WAS ONE OF BEING DIZZY. 514 00:30:20,470 --> 00:30:23,720 YOU COULD STILL WALK AND STUFF BUT I REALLY -- IT TOOK A FEW 515 00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:26,450 DAYS BEFORE THAT DIZZINESS ABATED. 516 00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:29,600 BUT THE THING THAT REALLY SURPRISED ME ABOUT THE STATION 517 00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:33,309 FLIGHT 200 DAYS WAS HOW QUICKLY I ADAPTED BACK TO EARTH. 518 00:30:33,309 --> 00:30:38,140 I WAS PREPARED FOR MUCH WORSE AND HAD MONTHS OF, YOU KNOW, 519 00:30:38,140 --> 00:30:39,140 LINGERING EFFECTS. 520 00:30:39,140 --> 00:30:43,349 I ADAPTED A LOT QUICKER THAN I THOUGHT. 521 00:30:43,349 --> 00:30:46,259 >> WAS THAT ALSO YOUR EXPERIENCE FROM THE TRANSITION? 522 00:30:46,259 --> 00:30:50,169 >> WELL, I FLEW FOUR FLIGHTS BUT THEY WERE ALL AROUND TWO WEEKS 523 00:30:50,169 --> 00:30:52,070 OR A LITTLE BIT MORE OR A LITTLE BIT LESS. 524 00:30:52,070 --> 00:30:54,610 SO I DON'T HAVE THAT EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN SPACE FOR AT THAT 525 00:30:54,610 --> 00:30:55,660 LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 526 00:30:55,660 --> 00:31:00,441 MY OBSERVATION HAS BEEN THAT WHEN YOU'RE FLYING A SPACE 527 00:31:00,441 --> 00:31:05,419 SHUTTLE MISSION, YOU KNOW, IT IS LIKE A TWO WEEK TRAIN WRECK OF 528 00:31:05,419 --> 00:31:09,510 TRYING TO OPERATE AND GET EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO COMPLETE 529 00:31:09,510 --> 00:31:10,860 IN THIS VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. 530 00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:13,799 SO YOU HAVE A LOT OF CREW MEMBERS WORKING VERY FAST. 531 00:31:13,799 --> 00:31:15,770 YOU DON'T HAVE A LOT OF TIME TO EXERCISE. 532 00:31:15,770 --> 00:31:18,230 IMPORTANT TO EXERCISE IN SPACE. 533 00:31:18,230 --> 00:31:20,980 SO ON A SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION I'LL EXERCISE TWO OR THREE 534 00:31:20,980 --> 00:31:21,980 TIMES. 535 00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:23,649 WHERE YOU HAVE SPACE STATION CREW MEMBERS AND THEN THEY ARE 536 00:31:23,649 --> 00:31:27,169 IN SPACE FOR SIX MONTHS THEY ARE DOING A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF 537 00:31:27,169 --> 00:31:30,299 EXERCISE ALMOST EVERY SINGLE DAY. 538 00:31:30,299 --> 00:31:31,700 SO I THINK THAT'S WHAT REALLY HELPS. 539 00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:37,169 I THINK THAT'S WHY YOU ACCLIMATED PRETTY WELL AFTER 200 540 00:31:37,169 --> 00:31:41,740 DAYS IN SPACE, AND IT PROBABLY DIDN'T FEEL A LOT DIFFERENT THAN 541 00:31:41,740 --> 00:31:44,159 BEING IN SPACE FOR JUST A COUPLE OF WEEKS, PROBABLY BECAUSE OF 542 00:31:44,159 --> 00:31:47,580 THE AMOUNT, YOU KNOW, THE AMOUNT OF EXERCISE AND AMOUNT OF WORK 543 00:31:47,580 --> 00:31:51,759 YOU'RE DOING, YOU KNOW, DURING THAT TIME IN SPACE. 544 00:31:51,759 --> 00:31:56,519 >> I THINK BOTH OF YOU WOULD AGREE THAT TECHNOLOGY IS 545 00:31:56,519 --> 00:31:58,669 IMAGINABLE ON GETTING TO MARS. 546 00:31:58,669 --> 00:32:03,320 WHAT HAPPENS WITH OUR ASTRONAUTS ONCE THEY GET THERE, HOW DO WE 547 00:32:03,320 --> 00:32:08,620 HANDLE MAKING IT SO ASTRONAUTS CAN LIVE THERE, HOW DIFFICULT 548 00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:09,620 WILL THAT BE? 549 00:32:09,620 --> 00:32:12,519 DO WE HAVE ANY IDEA HOW LONG THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO STAY 550 00:32:12,519 --> 00:32:16,720 BEFORE COMING BACK OR WOULD THEY JUST NOT COME BACK? 551 00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,960 >> WILL WE SEE THAT IN A MOVIE IN ABOUT A WEEK OR SO? 552 00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:20,960 >> YEAH. 553 00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:24,179 WAIT TO SEE THE MOVIE AND READ THE BOOK ALSO. 554 00:32:24,179 --> 00:32:27,809 I THINK THERE'S TWO WAYS TO GO TO MARS AND THIS IS A BIG 555 00:32:27,809 --> 00:32:28,950 QUESTION THAT NEEDS ANSWERED. 556 00:32:28,950 --> 00:32:32,060 YOU CAN GO THE SLOW BOAT WAY USING THE TRADITIONAL CHEMICAL 557 00:32:32,060 --> 00:32:34,250 ROBERT. 558 00:32:34,250 --> 00:32:37,590 IF YOU DO THAT IT TAKES SIX TO NINE NOS GET THERE. 559 00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:40,171 THEN YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR EARTH AND MARS TO GO AROUND THE SUN TO 560 00:32:40,171 --> 00:32:42,850 CATCH UP AGAIN BEFORE YOU CAN COME HOME. 561 00:32:42,850 --> 00:32:44,740 YOU SPEND A YEAR AND A HALF ON THE SURFACE. 562 00:32:44,740 --> 00:32:46,590 ANOTHER SIX MONTHS TO COME HOME. 563 00:32:46,590 --> 00:32:51,160 THREE YEAR MISSION WHICH IS A LONG TIME FOR YOUR WATER SYSTEMS 564 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:54,120 NETWORK AND YOUR CARBON DIOXIDE TO WORK. 565 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:55,770 IT'S A LOT OF FOOD TO PACK. 566 00:32:55,770 --> 00:32:57,559 IT'S A BIG THING. 567 00:32:57,559 --> 00:33:01,110 THE FAST BOAT TO MARS IS TO DO WHAT WE CALL ELECTRIC 568 00:33:01,110 --> 00:33:02,200 PROPULSION. 569 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,960 IT'S USING ELECTRICITY, PUMP OUT THE PROPELLANT REALLY FAST OUT 570 00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,169 THE BACK END AND THE SPACESHIP GOES FASTER. 571 00:33:10,169 --> 00:33:12,580 GET TO MARS IN A FEW WEEKS. 572 00:33:12,580 --> 00:33:14,840 SPEND A COUPLE OF MONTHS AND COME BACK. 573 00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:22,080 BUT YOU NEED A NUCLEAR REACTOR IN SPACE. 574 00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:28,110 HUMAN BODY IS MITIGATED. 575 00:33:28,110 --> 00:33:30,690 YOUR SYSTEMS DON'T HAVE TO LAST AS LONG. 576 00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:33,669 THAT'S A DECISION WE HAVE TO MAKE HOW TO GET THERE EITHER THE 577 00:33:33,669 --> 00:33:35,840 FAST OR SLOW WAY. 578 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:40,760 >> IF WE MADE THE DECISION AND IF CONGRESS GOT BEHIND IT, HOW 579 00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:44,289 FAR AWAY ARE WE FROM REALISTICALLY ACHIEVING THIS, DO 580 00:33:44,289 --> 00:33:45,309 YOU THINK? 581 00:33:45,309 --> 00:33:50,010 >> WELL THE FIRST HUMAN IN SPACE HAPPENED IN 1961 AND WE WERE ON 582 00:33:50,010 --> 00:33:52,820 THE MOON IN 1969. 583 00:33:52,820 --> 00:33:55,389 SO THERE'S A HISTORICAL CONTEXT. 584 00:33:55,389 --> 00:33:57,580 GETTING TO MARS, ACTUALLY GETTING TO MARS TAKES LONGER 585 00:33:57,580 --> 00:33:59,470 THAN GETTING TO THE MOON. 586 00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:03,779 IT COULD TO BE DONE IN A DECADE OR TWO, MAYBE. 587 00:34:03,779 --> 00:34:07,720 BUT I THINK MARK SAID IT, HIS ANSWER WAS VERY WELL, BUT IT'S 588 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:10,620 MORE A QUESTION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE THAN ROCKET SCIENCE. 589 00:34:10,620 --> 00:34:14,500 >> LEAPT ME ASK YOU ABOUT NASA IN GENERAL. 590 00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:19,390 AS SOMEONE WHO GREW UP WITH APOLLO AND FOR ME APOLLO 15 WAS 591 00:34:19,390 --> 00:34:21,990 THE END ALL BECAUSE I WAS 7 YEARS OLD. 592 00:34:21,990 --> 00:34:29,080 I DIDN'T REMEMBER "APOLLO 11," BUT I HAD THE ASTRONAUT THE 593 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:31,690 DOLLS OR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL THEM, THE LITTLE GUYS I 594 00:34:31,690 --> 00:34:33,340 PLAYED WITH. 595 00:34:33,340 --> 00:34:35,390 NASA WAS A HUGE DEAL. 596 00:34:35,390 --> 00:34:36,390 RIGHT? 597 00:34:36,390 --> 00:34:40,210 THEN IN MORE RECENT YEARS THERE WAS SOME THOUGHT THAT NASA HAD 598 00:34:40,210 --> 00:34:41,430 COME ON HARDER TIMES. 599 00:34:41,430 --> 00:34:45,530 WE WERE RELYING ON THE RUSSIANS MORE AND NASA'S GLORY DAYS WERE 600 00:34:45,530 --> 00:34:46,530 OVER. 601 00:34:46,530 --> 00:34:50,000 THEN WHEN HE THE PLUTO THROUGH BY, SO MUCH EXCITEMENT CREATED 602 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:54,310 AND NASA SEEMED TO BE HIP AGAIN. 603 00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:58,770 WHAT IS YOUR VIEW OF WHERE WE ARE WITH OUR SPACE AGENCY HERE 604 00:34:58,770 --> 00:34:59,950 IN THE UNITED STATES? 605 00:34:59,950 --> 00:35:03,590 AND WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO IF ANYTHING TO PUT IT ON THE RIGHT 606 00:35:03,590 --> 00:35:04,640 FUTURE COURSE? 607 00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:07,810 >> I CAN TALK ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING NOW AND I'LL LET MARK 608 00:35:07,810 --> 00:35:08,810 FINISH. 609 00:35:08,810 --> 00:35:10,660 THERE'S A LOT GOING ON AT NASA. 610 00:35:10,660 --> 00:35:15,280 THE PLUTO MISSION OBVIOUSLY, MARS ROVERS, THREE ROVERS ACTIVE 611 00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:19,190 NOW. 612 00:35:19,190 --> 00:35:21,390 THE MARS PROGRAM IS VERY ROBUST. 613 00:35:21,390 --> 00:35:23,120 HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT IS VERY ROBUST. 614 00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:28,090 SAMANTHA AND I GOT BACK FROM A LONG FLIGHT. 615 00:35:28,090 --> 00:35:30,890 SO NASA IS VERY INVOLVED IN SPACE EXPLORATION ALL ASPECTS 616 00:35:30,890 --> 00:35:35,530 OF IT ROBOTICALLY AND HUMANLY. 617 00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:37,580 IT'S NOT GONE AWAY AT ALL. 618 00:35:37,580 --> 00:35:41,340 WE ARE FLYING WITH THE RUSSIANS RIGHT NOW AND THAT WAS ONE OF 619 00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:44,440 THE HIGHLIGHTS OF MY MISSION WAS GETTING A CHANCE TO WORK WITH 620 00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:45,700 RUSSIAN COLLEAGUES AND WORK ON THE SOYUZ. 621 00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:47,340 THAT WAS A GREAT EXPERIENCE. 622 00:35:47,340 --> 00:35:50,630 SOON WE'LL BE FLYING ON AMERICAN VEHICLES AGAIN. 623 00:35:50,630 --> 00:35:52,070 NASA IS VERY BUSY. 624 00:35:52,070 --> 00:35:55,590 IT HASN'T ENDED IN ANY WAY, SHAPE OR FORM AND THERE'S A VERY 625 00:35:55,590 --> 00:35:57,620 BRIGHT FUTURE. 626 00:35:57,620 --> 00:36:00,320 >> HERE IN THE UNITED STATES WE HAVE THE BEST SCIENTISTS AND 627 00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:02,160 ENGINEERS IN THE WORLD. 628 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:05,130 AND I THINK WE CAN DO ANYTHING WE SET OUR MINDS TO. 629 00:36:05,130 --> 00:36:06,230 REALLY ANYTHING. 630 00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:10,090 WE WANT TO, ESPECIALLY, YOU KNOW, IN SPACE FLIGHT, IT'S 631 00:36:10,090 --> 00:36:13,730 CHALLENGING BUT WE HAVE THE RESOURCES TO DO THESE THINGS. 632 00:36:13,730 --> 00:36:16,650 I THINK WHAT WE NEED TO DO IS PICK EXCITING MISSIONS THAT THE 633 00:36:16,650 --> 00:36:18,770 PUBLIC WILL BE INTERESTED IN. 634 00:36:18,770 --> 00:36:21,680 LIKE THE PLUTO MISSION. 635 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:28,190 BEING SOMEBODY WHO USED TO WORK AT NASA AND FLY IN SPACE, EVEN I 636 00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:31,980 THOUGHT THAT WAS PRETTY NEAT TO SEE PLUTO UP CLOSE FOR THE FIRST 637 00:36:31,980 --> 00:36:35,740 TIME, SO SEE THOSE IMAGES COME BACK AND START TO LEARN MORE 638 00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:39,600 ABOUT SOMETHING THAT IS OR ISN'T A PLANET, I DON'T KNOW WHAT IT 639 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:41,890 IS TODAY. 640 00:36:41,890 --> 00:36:43,820 SO WE GOT PICK THESE EXCITING MISSIONS. 641 00:36:43,820 --> 00:36:47,070 WE GOT TO ALLOW NASA TO DO THIS. 642 00:36:47,070 --> 00:36:51,900 WHAT OFTEN HAPPENS IS YOU'LL SEE, YOU KNOW, WE'LL BE ASKED TO 643 00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:56,880 DO SOMETHING AND THEN EITHER SOMETIMES NASA WILL CANCEL A 644 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,890 PROGRAM OR CONGRESS WILL CANCEL IT OR THE WHITE HOUSE WILL 645 00:36:59,890 --> 00:37:01,470 CANCEL IT. 646 00:37:01,470 --> 00:37:05,100 YOU KNOW WE GOT UNDER THAT THESE THINGS, DESPITE, YOU KNOW, THE 647 00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:08,310 ABILITY OF OUR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TO DO THESE THINGS 648 00:37:08,310 --> 00:37:11,020 THEY DO TAKE A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 649 00:37:11,020 --> 00:37:14,310 OFTEN, YOU KNOW, FROM ONE ADMINISTRATION IN THE WHITE 650 00:37:14,310 --> 00:37:15,770 HOUSE TO THE NEXT. 651 00:37:15,770 --> 00:37:17,530 SO I THINK PEOPLE JUST NEED TO PATIENT. 652 00:37:17,530 --> 00:37:20,930 WE NEED TO GIVE NASA THE RESOURCES TO DO THESE HARD 653 00:37:20,930 --> 00:37:21,930 THINGS. 654 00:37:21,930 --> 00:37:25,340 BUT, YOU KNOW, WE HAVE THE PEOPLE AND THE ABILITY TO 655 00:37:25,340 --> 00:37:28,200 ACCOMPLISH EXCITING THINGS IN SPACE. 656 00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:32,000 >> TERRY, WE HEARD SCOTT EARLIER SAY HE WAS LOOKING FORWARD TO 657 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:34,050 HIS SPACEWALK. 658 00:37:34,050 --> 00:37:37,680 YOU COMPLETED THREE SPACE WALKS DURING YOUR MISSION AND THIS 659 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:41,080 HEAD PREPARE THE SPACE STATION FOR THE BOEING AND SPACEX 660 00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:46,790 COMMERCIAL CREW VESSELS AND YOU GAVE US SOME AMAZING GO FROM 661 00:37:46,790 --> 00:37:50,430 IMAGERY AND MADE US FEEL LIKE WE WERE THERE TOO. 662 00:37:50,430 --> 00:37:55,000 BUT CAN YOU TELL US WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO BE OUT ON THESE SPACE 663 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,700 WALKS AND DOING THIS SORT OF WORK? 664 00:37:58,700 --> 00:37:59,750 >> YEAH. 665 00:37:59,750 --> 00:38:02,400 IT WAS DEFINITELY A UNIQUE -- I HAD A CHANCE TO DO A LOT OF 666 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:03,400 STUFF IN LIFE. 667 00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,030 THAT WAS UNIQUE. 668 00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:07,090 GOING OUTSIDE FOR THE FIRST TIME. 669 00:38:07,090 --> 00:38:11,450 IN THE POOL WE PRACTICED DOING SPACE WALKS IN WEIGHTLESS POOL. 670 00:38:11,450 --> 00:38:15,320 YOU GO OUT OF THE AIR LOCK, THERE'S A MODULE. 671 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:16,870 IT'S ABOUT FROM THERE TO THERE. 672 00:38:16,870 --> 00:38:20,670 I REACH OVER AND GREEN BAY AND MOVE ON TO WHERE I'M DOING MY 673 00:38:20,670 --> 00:38:21,670 WORK. 674 00:38:21,670 --> 00:38:24,760 ON MY VERY FIRST SPACEWALK I WENT TO DO THAT. 675 00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:26,080 NOPE I'M NOT GOING TO DO THAT. 676 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:28,990 I STAYED ON THE SIDE OF THE SPACE STATION AND DIDN'T TAKE 677 00:38:28,990 --> 00:38:30,650 THE SHORTCUT. 678 00:38:30,650 --> 00:38:34,750 BUT IT IS AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE TO LOOK AND SEE THE EARTH. 679 00:38:34,750 --> 00:38:37,460 I FELT LIKE MAYBE A MINUTE OR TWO TO DO THAT. 680 00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:42,360 ALL THREE OF MYSPACE WALKS THEY ARE SO BUSY AND SO MANY TASKS TO 681 00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:43,360 HAPPEN. 682 00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:46,090 I DIDN'T FEEL I HAD FREE TIME. 683 00:38:46,090 --> 00:38:47,740 IT WAS LIKE WORK, WORK. 684 00:38:47,740 --> 00:38:51,830 IT WAS MORE A SHUTTLE FLIGHT THAN A STATION FLIGHT. 685 00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:55,060 >> MARK WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IT'S ALMOST LIKE 686 00:38:55,060 --> 00:38:58,240 WE'RE SO USED TO IT WE'RE ALMOST TAKING IT FOR GRANTED. 687 00:38:58,240 --> 00:39:02,360 WHAT CAN TO BE DONE IMPROVE THE SCIENTIFIC OUTPUT OF THE SPACE 688 00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:05,130 STATION AND THE IMPACT IT HAS? 689 00:39:05,130 --> 00:39:08,810 >> WELL, MY BROTHER MENTIONED THAT THEY'VE GOT OVER THE PERIOD 690 00:39:08,810 --> 00:39:11,420 OF TIME HE'S GOING BE THERE THERE'S 400 DIFFERENT 691 00:39:11,420 --> 00:39:15,340 EXPERIMENTS GOING ON IN A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT LABORATORIES. 692 00:39:15,340 --> 00:39:19,580 U.S. LABORATORY, JAPANESE LABORATORY, A EUROPEAN 693 00:39:19,580 --> 00:39:21,150 LABORATORY ON BOARD. 694 00:39:21,150 --> 00:39:25,620 THE RUSSIANS DO SCIENCE IN THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT. 695 00:39:25,620 --> 00:39:28,540 IT'S AN INCREDIBLE, YOU KNOW, FACILITY. 696 00:39:28,540 --> 00:39:30,010 THERE'S A LOT GOING ON. 697 00:39:30,010 --> 00:39:35,240 TO EXPAND, YOU KNOW, THE OUTPUT OF THE SPACE STATION YOU JUST 698 00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:38,750 NEED MORE PEOPLE. 699 00:39:38,750 --> 00:39:41,090 SPACE STATION WAS FIRST LAUNCHED IN 1998. 700 00:39:41,090 --> 00:39:42,350 SO 17 YEARS NOW. 701 00:39:42,350 --> 00:39:43,840 STARTING TO GET KIND OF OLD. 702 00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:45,220 THINGS BREAK. 703 00:39:45,220 --> 00:39:48,060 PEOPLE HAVE TO FIX THINGS WHEN THEY BREAK. 704 00:39:48,060 --> 00:39:51,040 THAT TAKES TIME AWAY FROM DOING THE SCIENCE. 705 00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:53,840 YOU KNOW, YOU DON'T HAVE AN ELECTRICIAN OR PLUMBER. 706 00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:56,790 YOU DON'T HAVE SOMEBODY TO CLEAN THE PLACE UP. 707 00:39:56,790 --> 00:39:59,820 SO CREW MEMBERS ARE THE, YOU KNOW, THEY ARE THE MECHANICS, 708 00:39:59,820 --> 00:40:04,620 SCIENTIST, THE SECRETARY, THE GUY WHO IS FIXING THE TOILET 709 00:40:04,620 --> 00:40:06,900 WHEN THAT BREAKS. 710 00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:09,640 YOU HAVE -- YOU'RE THE MAID, YOU'RE CLEANING UP ON THE 711 00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:10,750 WEEKEND. 712 00:40:10,750 --> 00:40:11,920 OR DURING THE WEEK. 713 00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:15,110 SO IT REALLY COMES DOWN TO CREW TIME. 714 00:40:15,110 --> 00:40:17,700 BUT TO ADD CREW MEMBERS IT'S COMPLICATED. 715 00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:21,970 YOU HAVE MORE CREW MEMBERS ON BOARD NOW YOU NEED ANOTHER 716 00:40:21,970 --> 00:40:24,920 RETURN VEHICLE ON BOARD THAT ACTS AS A LIFEBOAT IF SOMETHING 717 00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:26,300 HAPPENS. 718 00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:29,691 IT ALSO NEEDS THEN THOSE EXTRA PEOPLE YOU NEED BE ABLE TO 719 00:40:29,691 --> 00:40:35,030 SUPPORT THEM NOT ONLY WITH FOOD AND WATER, BUT OXYGEN. 720 00:40:35,030 --> 00:40:39,340 AIR TO BREATH AND CARBON DIOXIDE OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 721 00:40:39,340 --> 00:40:43,000 IT GETS REALLY COMPLICATED AND HARD TO DO. 722 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,270 JUST TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTION WE WOULD NEED MORE PEOPLE TO GET 723 00:40:45,270 --> 00:40:46,840 MORE OUT OF IT. 724 00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:49,520 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION LIVING UP TO ITS NAME 725 00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:51,680 HAS BEEN SUCH AN INTERNATIONAL EFFORT. 726 00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:55,720 DO YOU FORESEE WHEN HE LOOK AT MARS AND LONG SPACE FLIGHT 727 00:40:55,720 --> 00:40:58,670 MISSIONS IN THE FUTURE, DO YOU ENVISION THESE WILL BE 728 00:40:58,670 --> 00:41:04,110 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS OR MORE U.S. EFFORTS. 729 00:41:04,110 --> 00:41:07,970 >> MY OWN PERSONAL VIEW IT WILL DEFINITELY BE INTERNATIONAL. 730 00:41:07,970 --> 00:41:10,880 THE REASON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SURVIVED IF YOU 731 00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:14,580 LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF IT BACK IN THE '90s, THE INTERNATIONAL 732 00:41:14,580 --> 00:41:17,840 PROGRAM ASPECT OF IT ALLOWED IT TO MAKE IT THROUGH CONGRESS AND 733 00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:20,920 GOING BACK TO THE POLITICAL SCIENCE VERSUS ROCKET SCIENCE 734 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:24,260 ASPECT OF IT, THE INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM MAKES IT SOMETHING THAT 735 00:41:24,260 --> 00:41:27,060 CAN SURVIVE OVER LONGER PERIOD OF TIME. 736 00:41:27,060 --> 00:41:31,650 >> PLUS IT'S GREAT TO HAVE THE INGENUITY AND GAIN SOME 737 00:41:31,650 --> 00:41:34,760 EFFICIENCIES HAVING DIFFERENT COUNTRIES BUMMED DIFFERENT 738 00:41:34,760 --> 00:41:38,470 MODELS SO ONE COUNTRY DOESN'T HAVE TO BUILD THE ENTIRE 739 00:41:38,470 --> 00:41:39,470 PROGRAM. 740 00:41:39,470 --> 00:41:44,120 >> SOMEBODY PASSED UP A QUESTION ABOUT ELON MUSK WHO RECENTLY 741 00:41:44,120 --> 00:41:49,660 TALKED ABOUT MARS AND USING A THERMAL NUCLEAR DEVICE AS AN 742 00:41:49,660 --> 00:41:52,450 OPTION TO MAKE MARS MORE HABITABLE. 743 00:41:52,450 --> 00:41:54,760 ANY THOUGHT, COMMENT ON THAT? 744 00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:58,220 >> I SAW THAT IN THE NEWSPAPER. 745 00:41:58,220 --> 00:42:02,560 I DON'T KNOW THE SCIENCE BEHIND NUKING A PLANET. 746 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,100 [ LAUGHTER ] BUT I WILL TELL YOU ELON IS A 747 00:42:05,100 --> 00:42:08,650 VERY SMART GUY AND HE DOES THINK OUTSIDE OF THE BOX. 748 00:42:08,650 --> 00:42:11,760 WHEN YOU LOOK WHAT HE'S BEEN ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH NOT ONLY WITH 749 00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:15,400 SPACEX LAUNCHING CARGO TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 750 00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,750 HOPEFULLY PEOPLE HERE PRETTY SOON, YOU KNOW, INCREDIBLE CAR 751 00:42:18,750 --> 00:42:20,460 COMPANY, BIG SOLAR COMPANY. 752 00:42:20,460 --> 00:42:25,650 YOU KNOW, HE TENDS TO KNOW WHAT HE'S TALKING ABOUT. 753 00:42:25,650 --> 00:42:31,150 BUT I DON'T KNOW THE SCIENCE BEHIND NUKING THE PLANET. 754 00:42:31,150 --> 00:42:35,420 >> ANOTHER PERSON IN THE AUDIENCE HERE WRITES U.S./RUSSIA 755 00:42:35,420 --> 00:42:39,650 RELATIONS ARE TENSE ON EARTH BUT SEEM VERY PRODUCTIVE IN SPACE. 756 00:42:39,650 --> 00:42:43,190 WHAT CAN LEADERS ON EARTH LEARN FROM YOUR COOPERATION ABOARD THE 757 00:42:43,190 --> 00:42:46,210 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION? 758 00:42:46,210 --> 00:42:48,750 >> I CAN SECOND THAT MOTION. 759 00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:52,890 IT WAS RELATIONSHIPS IN SPACE AND ON EARTH, TRAINING OR 760 00:42:52,890 --> 00:42:55,240 PREPARING TO LAUNCH INTO SPACE ARE GREAT. 761 00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:57,650 OUR COLLEAGUES THERE ARE VERY CAPABLE. 762 00:42:57,650 --> 00:42:58,900 THEY ARE VERY FRIENDLY. 763 00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:04,750 I HAD A GREAT TIME IN SPACE WITH ANTON AND SASHA AND MISHA WHO IS 764 00:43:04,750 --> 00:43:06,720 UP THERE WITH SCOTT. 765 00:43:06,720 --> 00:43:10,610 WE HAD A GREAT EXPERIENCE WITH THEM. 766 00:43:10,610 --> 00:43:14,090 I THINK THE STATION HAS ACCOMPLISHED A LOT OF THINGS AND 767 00:43:14,090 --> 00:43:18,240 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS THE INTERNATIONAL RELATION ASPECT OF 768 00:43:18,240 --> 00:43:19,240 IT. 769 00:43:19,240 --> 00:43:22,411 OF ALL THE UPS AND DOWNS OF RELATIONSHIPS ON EARTH THE SPACE 770 00:43:22,411 --> 00:43:26,740 STATION HAS BEAN VERY POSITIVE BEACON OF LIGHT. 771 00:43:26,740 --> 00:43:30,470 >> SO TERRY, YOU WERE ON THE SPACE STATION DURING EXPERIMENTS 772 00:43:30,470 --> 00:43:32,990 WITH 3-D PRINTING. 773 00:43:32,990 --> 00:43:40,250 PLEASE EXPLAIN THIS FOR THE SPACE STATION NOW AND IN THE 774 00:43:40,250 --> 00:43:43,120 FUTURE. 775 00:43:43,120 --> 00:43:46,170 WERE THERE ANY PARTS PRODUCED DURING THE TEST RUN THAT WERE 776 00:43:46,170 --> 00:43:49,610 USED AND ANY LESSONS LEARNED THAT CAN IMPROVE THE TECHNOLOGY 777 00:43:49,610 --> 00:43:50,610 IN THE NEAR TERM. 778 00:43:50,610 --> 00:43:54,100 >> I'LL LET SAMANTHA ANSWER. 779 00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:58,600 THE 3-D PRINT CIGARETTE A GREAT CONCEPT IN THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE 780 00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:02,830 GOING TO MARS, YOUR CLOSET IS FULL AND YOU'RE LIMITED TO ONE 781 00:44:02,830 --> 00:44:04,680 BAG ONLY. 782 00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:06,930 SO YOU CAN'T BRING ALL THE TOOLS YOU NEED. 783 00:44:06,930 --> 00:44:10,870 IF YOU COULD POTENTIALLY PRINT OUT PARTS OR TOOLS, FOR EXAMPLE, 784 00:44:10,870 --> 00:44:13,190 THAT COULD REALLY SAVE ON THE AMOUNT OF MASS YOU HAVE TO 785 00:44:13,190 --> 00:44:14,640 LAUNCH. 786 00:44:14,640 --> 00:44:19,020 WE DID MAKE A LITTLE WRENCH AND IT WAS MADE OUT OF PLASTIC. 787 00:44:19,020 --> 00:44:21,430 IT WASN'T LIKE A HARD METAL WRENCH. 788 00:44:21,430 --> 00:44:23,920 IT WAS THE FIRST TIME IT'S EVER BEEN DONE IN SPACE. 789 00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:26,820 MORE OF A TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR. 790 00:44:26,820 --> 00:44:30,650 IT WAS PRETTY COOL TO SEE A TOOL PRINT MD OUT IN SPACE AND WE 791 00:44:30,650 --> 00:44:32,280 SENT IT BACK TO EARTH FOR ANALYSIS. 792 00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:34,320 WE DIDN'T KEEP IT. 793 00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:37,800 THAT'S A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS A LOT OF PROMISE I THINK. 794 00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,290 >> MARK, WHAT'S THE LASTING IMPRESSION THAT SPACE HAS GIVEN 795 00:44:41,290 --> 00:44:44,240 YOU WHEN YOU THINK OF YOUR TIME UP THERE. 796 00:44:44,240 --> 00:44:48,460 WHAT'S THE THING THAT STRIKES YOU THE MOST LATER ON? 797 00:44:48,460 --> 00:44:54,690 >> WELL, I THINK, YOU KNOW, WHAT BECAME VERY OBVIOUS TO ME IN 798 00:44:54,690 --> 00:44:59,820 2001 DURING MY FIRST SPACE MISSION WAS THAT WE LIVE ON AN 799 00:44:59,820 --> 00:45:03,270 ISLAND, REALLY UNFORGIVING ENVIRONMENT. 800 00:45:03,270 --> 00:45:06,950 YOU KNOW YOU LOOK BACK AT THE EARTH FROM A DISTANCE AND YOU 801 00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:09,691 HAVE VERY FEW PEOPLE ON BOARD THE SPACE SHUTTLE AND SPACE 802 00:45:09,691 --> 00:45:10,880 STATION. 803 00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:15,550 WE GOT 7.5 BILLION PEOPLE ON THIS ROUND BALL JUST FLOATING 804 00:45:15,550 --> 00:45:17,810 THERE IN THE BLACKNESS OF SPACE. 805 00:45:17,810 --> 00:45:20,480 WE REALLY HAVE NO PLACE ELSE TO GO. 806 00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:24,720 THAT BECOMES A VERY -- THAT WAS PRETTY STRIKING AND PRETTY 807 00:45:24,720 --> 00:45:27,510 QUICK. 808 00:45:27,510 --> 00:45:30,520 YOU KNOW, OBSERVATION ON MY PART AND I IMAGINE BY OTHER 809 00:45:30,520 --> 00:45:32,510 ASTRONAUTS THAT FLY IN SPACE. 810 00:45:32,510 --> 00:45:36,730 IT GIVES YOU A LITTLE BIT MORE OF AN APPRECIATION FOR OUR 811 00:45:36,730 --> 00:45:41,330 PLANET AND WHAT IT DOES FOR ALL OF US AND THE NEED FOR US TO 812 00:45:41,330 --> 00:45:42,700 CONSIDER THAT. 813 00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:45,310 AND TAKE CARE OF IT. 814 00:45:45,310 --> 00:45:46,400 >> RIGHT. 815 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:50,160 TERRY, AS WE'VE TALKED ABOUT, THE SPACE STATION CREW HAS 816 00:45:50,160 --> 00:45:54,030 CONDUCTED HUNDREDS OF EXPERIMENTS, INCLUDING MANY THAT 817 00:45:54,030 --> 00:45:57,800 HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BY SCIENCE STUDENTS AND TRANSMITTED UP 818 00:45:57,800 --> 00:45:58,800 THERE. 819 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:02,540 DO YOU CONSULT WITH THESE SAME STUDENTS WHEN QUESTIONS ARISE 820 00:46:02,540 --> 00:46:04,590 AND IF SO HOW? 821 00:46:04,590 --> 00:46:07,710 AND WHICH SCIENCE STUDENT EXPERIMENTS WERE THE MOST 822 00:46:07,710 --> 00:46:11,530 INTERESTING OR CHALLENGING? 823 00:46:11,530 --> 00:46:14,650 >> WE DO HAVE -- IT DEPENDS ON THE EXPERIMENTS. 824 00:46:14,650 --> 00:46:18,880 SOMETIMES THEY WILL -- WE JUST TALKED TO HOUSTON OR HUNTSVILLE 825 00:46:18,880 --> 00:46:21,880 AS THE NASA CONTROL CENTER WHEN WE DO EXPERIMENTS. 826 00:46:21,880 --> 00:46:25,790 SOMETIMES IF IT'S COMPLICATED THEY TIE US INTO THE SCIENTISTS 827 00:46:25,790 --> 00:46:26,790 THAT MADE IT UP. 828 00:46:26,790 --> 00:46:30,960 IT DEPENDS ON THE EXPERIMENT. 829 00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:36,330 AND I'M TRYING TO THINK OF WHAT STUDENT ONLY EXPERIMENTS WE HAD. 830 00:46:36,330 --> 00:46:39,060 MOST OF THE EXPERIMENTS WE DID YOU KIND OF DON'T -- YOU JUST DO 831 00:46:39,060 --> 00:46:42,200 THE EXPERIMENT AND DON'T REALLY KNOW WHO CAME UP WITH IT. 832 00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:45,700 BUT AS FAR AS STUDENT EXPERIMENTS, THE STUDENT THINGS 833 00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:48,850 I DO REMEMBER IS THEY BUILT SOME EQUIPMENT LIKE SOME STORAGE BAGS 834 00:46:48,850 --> 00:46:54,420 OR STORAGE LOCATION AND STUFF. 835 00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:56,180 SO I WAS NOT INVOLVED IN THIS BUT THERE'S A THING CALLED 836 00:46:56,180 --> 00:47:06,620 SEARS, LITTLE SATELLITES OF AIR JET AND THAT WAS A STUDENT LED 837 00:47:06,620 --> 00:47:09,490 EXPERIMENT WITH M.I.T. 838 00:47:09,490 --> 00:47:10,760 MY CREW MATES WERE TALKING ON THE 839 00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:12,290 GROUND. 840 00:47:12,290 --> 00:47:15,300 VERY INTERACTIVE. 841 00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:19,900 LIKE THESE ROBOTIC COMPETITION THAT KIDS DO ALTHOUGH SATELLITE 842 00:47:19,900 --> 00:47:22,900 SPACE COMPETITION THEY WERE FLYING AROUND. 843 00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:27,460 >> MARK, I MENTIONED EARLIER RELYING ON OTHERS FOR TRANSPORT 844 00:47:27,460 --> 00:47:29,300 UP TO THE SPACE STATION. 845 00:47:29,300 --> 00:47:32,980 DO YOU THINK ENDING THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM BEFORE THERE WAS 846 00:47:32,980 --> 00:47:36,390 A REPLACEMENT SLOWED THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM? 847 00:47:36,390 --> 00:47:41,920 IN OTHER WORDS, WAS IT A GOOD TRANSITION OR COULD WE HAVE DONE 848 00:47:41,920 --> 00:47:42,920 BETTER? 849 00:47:42,920 --> 00:47:47,920 >> SO, WE HAD THE COLUMBIA ACCIDENT HAPPEN IN 2003. 850 00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:52,550 AND AFTER COLUMBIA THERE WAS A JOINT DECISION MADE TO RETIRE 851 00:47:52,550 --> 00:47:55,550 THE SPACE SHUTTLE BECAUSE WE REALIZED THAT IF WE CONTINUE TO 852 00:47:55,550 --> 00:47:59,060 FLY IT, YOU KNOW, OVER ANOTHER DECADE WE PROBABLY WOULD LOSE 853 00:47:59,060 --> 00:48:01,320 ANOTHER SPACECRAFT AND A CREW. 854 00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:03,270 WE DIDN'T WANT TO DO THAT. 855 00:48:03,270 --> 00:48:06,590 SO THIS IS A DECISION MADE BY THE WHITE HOUSE, BY CONGRESS AND 856 00:48:06,590 --> 00:48:09,130 BY NASA INCLUDING THE ASTRONAUT OFFICE. 857 00:48:09,130 --> 00:48:11,410 THIS WAS THE RIGHT THING TO DO. 858 00:48:11,410 --> 00:48:14,240 TO RETIRE THE SPACE SHUTTLE. 859 00:48:14,240 --> 00:48:16,620 WHAT IT ALLOWED US TO DO IS SPEED UP THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHAT 860 00:48:16,620 --> 00:48:20,760 THE NEXT SPACECRAFT WOULD BE. 861 00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:25,190 WHEN YOU GET INTO TESTING AND DEVELOPING AND BUILDING THE 862 00:48:25,190 --> 00:48:29,960 HARDWARE FOR A NEW SYSTEM, A NEW LAUNCH SYSTEM, A NEW ROCKET, A 863 00:48:29,960 --> 00:48:33,260 NEW SPACECRAFT IT GETS REALLY EXPENSIVE REALLY QUICKLY LIKE 864 00:48:33,260 --> 00:48:37,600 UPWARDS OF $2 TO $3 BILLION A YEAR TO DO THIS. 865 00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:41,600 HAPPENS THE SPACE SHUTTLE OPERATING BUDGET WAS $2 TO $3 866 00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,190 BILLION A YEAR. 867 00:48:44,190 --> 00:48:45,330 TWO THINGS WE COULD HAVE DONE. 868 00:48:45,330 --> 00:48:48,560 WE COULD HAVE RETIRED THE SPACE SHUTTLE AND USE THAT MONEY TO 869 00:48:48,560 --> 00:48:55,320 DEVELOP A NEW SPACECRAFT OR WE COULD HAVE GOTTEN $2 TO $3 870 00:48:55,320 --> 00:48:59,090 BILLION MORE OUT OF CONGRESS AND THE WHITE HOUSE TO DEVELOP A NEW 871 00:48:59,090 --> 00:49:00,760 SPACECRAFT AT THE SAME TIME. 872 00:49:00,760 --> 00:49:04,520 NASA'S BUDGET IS ONLY ABOUT $19 BILLION. 873 00:49:04,520 --> 00:49:08,400 SO YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT A 15% INCREASE IN NASA'S BUDGET TO 874 00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:10,020 BUILD A NEW SPACECRAFT. 875 00:49:10,020 --> 00:49:13,700 IN THIS FISCAL ENVIRONMENT OVER THE LAST DECADE, I MEAN HOW HARD 876 00:49:13,700 --> 00:49:18,650 DO YOU THINK IT WOULD BE FOR AN AGENCY TO GET AN INCREASE OF 15% 877 00:49:18,650 --> 00:49:20,430 IN ITS YEARLY BUDGET. 878 00:49:20,430 --> 00:49:23,610 IT WOULD BE REALLY, REALLY HARD TO DO. 879 00:49:23,610 --> 00:49:27,740 SO, YOU KNOW, I ABSOLUTELY BELIEVE WE MADE THE RIGHT 880 00:49:27,740 --> 00:49:28,740 DECISION. 881 00:49:28,740 --> 00:49:31,870 WE WANTED -- NOW I WOULD HAVE PERSONALLY WOULD HAVE REFUNDED 882 00:49:31,870 --> 00:49:38,390 THE SPACE SHUTTLE FOR THE REST OF MY LIFE IF I COULD. 883 00:49:38,390 --> 00:49:40,820 I LOVED IT. 884 00:49:40,820 --> 00:49:42,770 PART OF ME STILL WISHES IT WAS STILL AROUND. 885 00:49:42,770 --> 00:49:47,440 BUT AT THE SAME TIME WE DID MAKE THE RIGHT DECISION BECAUSE THE 886 00:49:47,440 --> 00:49:49,980 SPACE SHUTTLE WAS DESIGNED -- THEY WERE EACH DESIGNED TO FLY 887 00:49:49,980 --> 00:49:52,460 ABOUT 100 FLIGHTS. 888 00:49:52,460 --> 00:49:56,220 ENDEAVOR WHICH I FLEW ON ITS LAST FLIGHT THAT WAS FLIGHT 889 00:49:56,220 --> 00:49:57,890 NUMBER 25. 890 00:49:57,890 --> 00:50:01,200 SO THEY WERE DESIGNED TO FLY 100 FLIGHTS BUT NOT DESIGNED TO FLY 891 00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:07,010 FOR 30 OR 40 YEARS AND THAT'S TISSUE WE WERE DEALING WITH. 892 00:50:07,010 --> 00:50:10,830 SO, IT PUT US IN A POSITION WHERE WE HAVE TO RELY ON OUR 893 00:50:10,830 --> 00:50:14,461 RUSSIAN PARTNERS TO GET CREW MEMBERS TO AND FROM THE SPACE 894 00:50:14,461 --> 00:50:19,250 STATION RIGHT NOW AND NEXT COUPLE OF YEARS. 895 00:50:19,250 --> 00:50:23,830 WE'LL BE BACK FLYING U.S. CREW MEMBERS ON U.S. ROBERTS FROM 896 00:50:23,830 --> 00:50:28,280 U.S. SOIL HERE IN NO TIME AND I THINK IT PUTS US ON A GOOD PATH 897 00:50:28,280 --> 00:50:29,280 GOING FORWARD. 898 00:50:29,280 --> 00:50:31,280 >> DO EITHER ONE OF YOU, IF YOU WERE IN CONGRESS OR THE 899 00:50:31,280 --> 00:50:35,210 PRESIDENT WHERE WOULD YOU FOCUS OUR RESOURCES FOR NASA? 900 00:50:35,210 --> 00:50:42,150 WOULD IT BE MARS MISSION, MISSIONS LIKE PLUTO FLY BY GOING 901 00:50:42,150 --> 00:50:43,510 BACK TO THE MOON? 902 00:50:43,510 --> 00:50:44,850 THE SPACE STATION? 903 00:50:44,850 --> 00:50:46,550 WHERE DO WE NEED TO PUT OUR FOCUS? 904 00:50:46,550 --> 00:50:47,550 >> WE WOULD DO EVERYTHING. 905 00:50:47,550 --> 00:50:48,550 >> DO IT ALL? 906 00:50:48,550 --> 00:50:50,240 >> IF IT WAS UP TO ME. 907 00:50:50,240 --> 00:50:52,920 >> WHAT IF YOU DIDN'T HAVE UNLIMITED RESOURCES WHAT WOULD 908 00:50:52,920 --> 00:50:53,940 YOU PRIORITIZE. 909 00:50:53,940 --> 00:50:55,000 >> THAT'S HARDER. 910 00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:59,910 I'LL LET TERRY ANSWER THAT. 911 00:50:59,910 --> 00:51:00,910 >> NO. 912 00:51:00,910 --> 00:51:04,940 I THINK NASA DOES NOT HAVE JUST ONE -- I WOULD NOT FOCUS JUST ON 913 00:51:04,940 --> 00:51:05,940 ONE THING. 914 00:51:05,940 --> 00:51:10,510 NASA HAS A BROAD MISSION TO DO BOTH AIRCRAFT RESEARCH AND 915 00:51:10,510 --> 00:51:13,320 ROBOTIC SPACE EXPLORATION AND HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION. 916 00:51:13,320 --> 00:51:16,130 SO I WOULD DIVIDE IT UP. 917 00:51:16,130 --> 00:51:19,810 >> TERRY YOU STAY CONNECTED TO EARTH THROUGH YOUR FAVORITE 918 00:51:19,810 --> 00:51:21,920 PASTIME OF BASEBALL WHEN YOU WERE UP THERE. 919 00:51:21,920 --> 00:51:25,850 AS I UNDERSTAND YOU SET OUT TO PHOTOGRAPH EVERY MAJOR LEAGUE 920 00:51:25,850 --> 00:51:30,160 BALLPARK FROM ORBIT AND YOU POSTED MANY OF THESE IMAGES ON 921 00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:31,160 SOCIAL MEDIA. 922 00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:32,160 DID YOU GET THEM ALL? 923 00:51:32,160 --> 00:51:33,160 WHERE DID THAT END UP? 924 00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:36,200 >> I GOT ALMOST ALL. 925 00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,760 AND THE COAST STADIUMS ARE PRETTY EASY TO GET. 926 00:51:39,760 --> 00:51:41,190 LIKE BALTIMORE IS EASY TO GET. 927 00:51:41,190 --> 00:51:42,260 D.C. IS EASY TO GET. 928 00:51:42,260 --> 00:51:44,400 NEW YORK STADIUMS. 929 00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:45,650 BOSTON IS VERY EASY. 930 00:51:45,650 --> 00:51:46,930 SAN DIEGO. 931 00:51:46,930 --> 00:51:49,720 WHEN YOU GET TO THE MIDDLE OF THE COUNTRY IT GETS TOUGH 932 00:51:49,720 --> 00:51:52,360 BECAUSE THERE'S NO -- THERE'S NOTHING OBVIOUS AROUND KANSAS 933 00:51:52,360 --> 00:51:56,490 CITY, HUNDREDS OF MILES OF FLAT OR ST. 934 00:51:56,490 --> 00:51:58,530 LOUIS OR CINCINNATI. 935 00:51:58,530 --> 00:52:03,540 SO THE ONES ON THE CORNERS WERE VERY EASY TO GET AND THE ONES IN 936 00:52:03,540 --> 00:52:06,070 THE MIDDLE WERE TOUGHER TO GET. 937 00:52:06,070 --> 00:52:07,670 I THINK I GOT THEM ALL. 938 00:52:07,670 --> 00:52:11,810 I STILL NEED TO GO THROUGH FILES AND DOUBLE CHECK THE ONES IN THE 939 00:52:11,810 --> 00:52:13,870 CENTER OF THE COUNTRY. 940 00:52:13,870 --> 00:52:17,400 PITTSBURGH WAS DIFFICULT TO GET WITH THOSE HILLS IN WESTERN 941 00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:18,400 PENNSYLVANIA. 942 00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,030 >> MY BROTHER IS WORKING ON TRYING TO GET ALL THE FOOTBALL 943 00:52:21,030 --> 00:52:24,220 STADIUMS NOW BECAUSE OF WHAT DID YOU. 944 00:52:24,220 --> 00:52:26,220 MAYBE THAT'S WHERE HE GOT THAT IDEA. 945 00:52:26,220 --> 00:52:28,990 >> BEFORE I ASK THE FINAL QUESTION I HAVE SOME HOUSE 946 00:52:28,990 --> 00:52:29,990 KEEPING. 947 00:52:29,990 --> 00:52:33,260 I WANT TO REMIND PEOPLE IN THE ROOM THAT OUR ASTRONAUTS WILL BE 948 00:52:33,260 --> 00:52:37,120 AVAILABLE DOWN THE HALL FOR STAND UP INTERVIEWS IMMEDIATELY 949 00:52:37,120 --> 00:52:38,870 AFTER THIS PROGRAM CONCLUDES. 950 00:52:38,870 --> 00:52:42,530 I ALSO WANT TO REMIND YOU THAT THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB IS THE 951 00:52:42,530 --> 00:52:45,990 WORLD'S LEADING PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR JOURNALISTS. 952 00:52:45,990 --> 00:52:49,500 WE FIGHT FOR A FREE PRESS WORLDWIDE AND FOR MORE 953 00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:54,400 INFORMATION ABOUT THE CLUB VISIT OUR WEBSITE PRESS.ORG AND TO 954 00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,850 DONATE TO OUR NONPROFIT JOURNALISM INSTITUTE VISIT 955 00:52:57,850 --> 00:52:58,850 PRESS.ORG/INSTITUTE. 956 00:52:58,850 --> 00:53:04,540 I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO REMIND YOU ABOUT SOME UPCOMING PROGRAMS. 957 00:53:04,540 --> 00:53:07,940 THIS WEDNESDAY SEPTEMBER 16th AT 1:30 P.M. 958 00:53:07,940 --> 00:53:13,130 ARCHBISHOP THOMAS WISKY OF MIAMI, BISHOP OSCAR OF 959 00:53:13,130 --> 00:53:14,710 MEXICO AND DR. 960 00:53:14,710 --> 00:53:20,880 CAROLINE WU WILL DISCUSS POPE FRANCIS' UPCOMING 961 00:53:20,880 --> 00:53:22,960 VISIT TO WASHINGTON, D.C. 962 00:53:22,960 --> 00:53:27,620 ON MONDAY SEPTEMBER 21st, BIG 12 COMMISSIONER WILL DISCUSS 963 00:53:27,620 --> 00:53:31,940 COLLEGE ATHLETICS AND JANE CHU CHAIR OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT 964 00:53:31,940 --> 00:53:36,140 FOR THE ARTS WILL DISCUSS NEW INITIATIVES ON SEPTEMBER 965 00:53:36,140 --> 00:53:37,140 28th. 966 00:53:37,140 --> 00:53:44,820 I WANT TO PRESENT OUR GUESTS WITH A PRESS CLUB MUG, MUCH 967 00:53:44,820 --> 00:53:46,050 CHERISHED. 968 00:53:46,050 --> 00:53:49,140 YOU CAN'T EASILY FIND IT ON THE SPACE STATION EITHER. 969 00:53:49,140 --> 00:53:50,270 VERY VALUABLE. 970 00:53:50,270 --> 00:53:54,000 WE'LL HAVE TO FIGURE OUT A WAY TO GET TO IT YOUR BROTHER RIGHT? 971 00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:56,880 >> I CAN TAKE CARE OF THAT. 972 00:53:56,880 --> 00:54:00,750 NOT VERY USEFUL IN SPACE, THOUGH. 973 00:54:00,750 --> 00:54:05,690 [ LAUGHTER ] >> WE MENTIONED, YOU KNOW, THE 974 00:54:05,690 --> 00:54:08,490 MARS MOVIE THAT WILL BE COMING OUT. 975 00:54:08,490 --> 00:54:13,320 SO MUCH FASCINATION IN LITERATURE, MOVIES, TELEVISION 976 00:54:13,320 --> 00:54:14,320 WITH SPACE. 977 00:54:14,320 --> 00:54:18,870 I MYSELF, OF COURSE, "STAR TREK" JUNKY, GREW UP THAT WAY. 978 00:54:18,870 --> 00:54:19,870 HOW ABOUT YOU GUYS? 979 00:54:19,870 --> 00:54:23,290 COULD EACH OF YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF SCIENCE FICTION YOU 980 00:54:23,290 --> 00:54:27,880 ENJOY IF ANY AND WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THE MOVIES AND THE SCIENCE 981 00:54:27,880 --> 00:54:32,220 FICTION THAT YOU SEE OUT THERE EITHER IN BOOKS OR ON TV OR IN 982 00:54:32,220 --> 00:54:33,950 THE MOVIES STARTING WITH YOU TERRY. 983 00:54:33,950 --> 00:54:36,210 >> I ALWAYS ENJOYED IT AS A KID. 984 00:54:36,210 --> 00:54:37,850 "STAR WARS" WAS THE BIG THING. 985 00:54:37,850 --> 00:54:39,570 IN LOVED THAT. 986 00:54:39,570 --> 00:54:41,870 I REMEMBER READING ARTHUR CLARK AS A TEENAGER. 987 00:54:41,870 --> 00:54:45,080 HE WROTE SOME GREAT STUFF. 988 00:54:45,080 --> 00:54:49,690 WATCHING "2001." 989 00:54:49,690 --> 00:54:51,921 I WATCHED THAT WHEN I WAS IN SPACE AND I THOUGHT A LOT OF THE 990 00:54:51,921 --> 00:54:55,860 STUFF CAME TRUE 50 YEARS LATER. 991 00:54:55,860 --> 00:54:59,700 JUST WATCHED IT WHILE I WAS IN SPACE. 992 00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:02,220 A LOT OF THAT STUFF IS NOT WHAT'S GOING ON THE SPACE 993 00:55:02,220 --> 00:55:03,220 STATION. 994 00:55:03,220 --> 00:55:13,130 >> DID HE IN GET IT WRONG MOST OF THE TIME? 995 00:55:13,130 --> 00:55:16,190 >> HOLLYWOOD HAS TO MAKE IT EXCITING. 996 00:55:16,190 --> 00:55:18,090 SCOTT BROUGHT UP THIS PROJECTOR. 997 00:55:18,090 --> 00:55:19,960 WE WATCHED "GRAVITY." 998 00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:24,760 WE WATCHED THE DISASTER MOVIE "GRAVITY." 999 00:55:24,760 --> 00:55:27,790 IT WAS FUN. 1000 00:55:27,790 --> 00:55:30,570 THE MECHANICS OF WHERE EVERYTHING WAS AND WHAT IT 1001 00:55:30,570 --> 00:55:32,260 LOOKED LIKE WAS VERY REAL. 1002 00:55:32,260 --> 00:55:33,260 THEY GOT THAT DONE. 1003 00:55:33,260 --> 00:55:39,540 OF COURSER WITH DON'T HAVE GIANT EXPLOSIONS AND FIRE BALLS AND 1004 00:55:39,540 --> 00:55:41,200 THEY HAVE TO MAKE THAT TO MAKE THE MOVIE INTERESTING. 1005 00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:45,470 BUT IF WAS JUST ASTRONAUTS DOING SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS IT WOULDN'T 1006 00:55:45,470 --> 00:55:47,770 GROSS VERY MUCH AT THE BOX OFFICE. 1007 00:55:47,770 --> 00:55:49,051 [ LAUGHTER ] >> MARK, HOW ABOUT YOU 1008 00:55:49,051 --> 00:55:58,480 >> I STARTED READING THIS BOOK CALLED "7 ES" ABOUT USING THE 1009 00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:02,100 SPACE STATION TO SAVE HUMANITY AFTER SOMETHING BAD HAPPENS ON 1010 00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:03,100 EARTH. 1011 00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:06,850 PRETTY INTERESTING TO SEE HOW, YOU KNOW, EITHER AN AUTHOR OR 1012 00:56:06,850 --> 00:56:13,960 HOLLYWOOD USES EXISTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY IN THEIR MOVIES AND 1013 00:56:13,960 --> 00:56:22,420 AS, WHEN I WAS YOUNGER, LIKE THESE GUYS AGE DOWN HERE, 1014 00:56:22,420 --> 00:56:25,490 BROTHERS AND SISTERS DOWN HERE I USED TO READ A LOT OF ROBERT 1015 00:56:25,490 --> 00:56:29,430 HEIDLUM AND THOSE KIND OF BOOKS. 1016 00:56:29,430 --> 00:56:36,310 MADE ME THINK WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO BE IN SPACE ONE DAY AND 1017 00:56:36,310 --> 00:56:38,920 I THINK THAT'S IMPORTANT. 1018 00:56:38,920 --> 00:56:43,580 GIVES PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AMBITION AND THEY CAN PICTURE THEMSELVES 1019 00:56:43,580 --> 00:56:46,369 IN A DIFFERENT PLACE AND A DIFFERENT TIME. 1020 00:56:46,369 --> 00:56:49,260 >> THE GOOD THING, MARK W-ALL THE GENETIC DATA THEY HAVE ON 1021 00:56:49,260 --> 00:56:53,100 YOU AND YOUR BROTHER IF APOCALYPSE COMES WE CAN CLONE 1022 00:56:53,100 --> 00:56:57,170 YOU GUYS, MILLIONS OF KELLY BROTHERS. 1023 00:56:57,170 --> 00:57:01,810 WHAT ABOUT YOUNG PEOPLE, I MENTIONED AS A YOUNGSTER AND YOU 1024 00:57:01,810 --> 00:57:04,131 AS A YOUNGSTER WE WERE SO FASCINATED WITH THE SPACE 1025 00:57:04,131 --> 00:57:06,460 PROGRAM AND I'M SURE THAT CONTINUES. 1026 00:57:06,460 --> 00:57:10,350 YOUNG PEOPLE WHO WANT TO GO TO SPACE SOME DAY, GET ON THAT 1027 00:57:10,350 --> 00:57:15,150 CAREER TRACK, WHAT WOULD YOU TWO SUGGEST THAT THEY DO? 1028 00:57:15,150 --> 00:57:18,970 >> I KNOW WE GET ASKED THIS QUESTION ALL THE TIME. 1029 00:57:18,970 --> 00:57:21,400 WHAT DO I NEED TO DO TO BE AN ASTRONAUT. 1030 00:57:21,400 --> 00:57:22,890 DO WHAT YOU'RE PASSIONATE ABOUT. 1031 00:57:22,890 --> 00:57:28,050 EVERYBODY HAS BEEN BLESSED WITH DIFFERENT ABILITIES AND SKILLS. 1032 00:57:28,050 --> 00:57:32,790 WHAT YOU ARE CREATED TO DO, GO DO THAT DEAN IT WELL. 1033 00:57:32,790 --> 00:57:34,730 THERE'S NOT ONE PATH TO BEING AN ASTRONAUT. 1034 00:57:34,730 --> 00:57:37,160 THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS AND 1035 00:57:37,160 --> 00:57:41,940 MARK AND IN ARE PREVIOUS PILOTS IN OUR FORMER LIVES. 1036 00:57:41,940 --> 00:57:46,030 THERE'S MEDICAL DOCTORS, SCOTT IS A MEDICAL DOCTOR. 1037 00:57:46,030 --> 00:57:54,480 THE KEY IS TO DO WHAT YOU'RE PASSIONATE ABOUT AND WHERE YOUR 1038 00:57:54,480 --> 00:57:55,480 GIFTS ARE. 1039 00:57:55,480 --> 00:57:58,470 >> WE'RE ALSO ON THE CUSP OF THIS BIG SEA CHANGE WITH ACCESS 1040 00:57:58,470 --> 00:58:00,170 TO SPACE FOR PEOPLE. 1041 00:58:00,170 --> 00:58:04,600 THERE'S A VERY HIGH PROBABILITY THAT, YOU KNOW, THE YOUNG PEOPLE 1042 00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,820 IN HERE TODAY, SOMETIME IN THEIR LIVES EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT A 1043 00:58:07,820 --> 00:58:10,970 PROFESSIONAL ASTRONAUT WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO GO INTO 1044 00:58:10,970 --> 00:58:12,400 SPACE. 1045 00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:16,540 YOU KNOW YOU SEE COMPANIES LIKE VIRGIN GALACTIC AND OTHERS THAT 1046 00:58:16,540 --> 00:58:21,980 ARE STARTING ON THIS ROAD TO SPACE TOURISM. 1047 00:58:21,980 --> 00:58:27,890 AND IT'S EXCITING, AND WE'RE GOING TO SEE A LOT MORE -- RIGHT 1048 00:58:27,890 --> 00:58:32,350 NOW THERE'S PROBABLY ABOUT 550 PEOPLE THAT HAVE EVER BEEN IN 1049 00:58:32,350 --> 00:58:42,970 SPACE AND I THINK THAT NUMBER IS GOING TO GROW SUBSTANTIALLY. 1050 00:58:42,970 --> 00:58:50,380 >> PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO THINK THIS CAN DIRECTLY AFFECT THEM. 1051 00:58:50,380 --> 00:58:51,990 MAYBE THEY WILL BE THE PERSON IN SPACE. 1052 00:58:51,990 --> 00:58:53,660 I THINK THAT'S TRUE. 1053 00:58:53,660 --> 00:58:58,510 MAYBE IN SOME OF OUR LIFE TIMES INSTEAD OF TAKING A FLIGHT FROM, 1054 00:58:58,510 --> 00:59:03,250 YOU KNOW, NEW YORK TO LONDON, THAT TYPICALLY TAKES SIX, SEVEN 1055 00:59:03,250 --> 00:59:07,600 HOURS MAYBE SOME OF US SOME DAY WILL BE TAKING THAT FLIGHT IN 1056 00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:11,600 HOW FAST WE CAN DO IT IN THE SPACE SHUTTLE WHICH IS ABOUT 40 1057 00:59:11,600 --> 00:59:12,600 MINUTES. 1058 00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:16,220 YOU KNOW THAT IS -- THERE'S NO REASON WHY THAT IS NOT POSSIBLE 1059 00:59:16,220 --> 00:59:18,630 IN THE NEXT, IN THE COMING DECADE. 1060 00:59:18,630 --> 00:59:21,460 I THINK PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO THINK ABOUT THIS DIFFERENTLY. 1061 00:59:21,460 --> 00:59:28,270 >> HOW ABOUT AROUND MUCH APPLAUSE FOR OUR GUESTS? 1062 00:59:28,270 --> 00:59:34,430 [ APPLAUSE ] >> I WANT TO THANK OUR NATIONAL PRESS 1063 00:59:34,430 --> 00:59:39,210 CLUB STAFF FOR THEIR WORK ON TODAY'S PROGRAM. 1064 00:59:39,210 --> 00:59:42,390 IF YOU WANT 0 A COPY OF THIS PROGRAM GO TO OUR WEBSITE 1065 00:59:42,390 --> 00:59:46,520 PRESS.ORG AND THAT'S WHERE YOU CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT THE 1066 00:59:46,520 --> 00:59:48,230 NATIONAL PRESS CLUB.